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Crypto scammers are using black market identities to avoid detection: CertiK

The blockchain security firm has uncovered a new tactic used by crypto scammers as the industry continues to improve its fraud detection capabilities.

Crypto scammers have been accessing a “cheap and easy” black market of individuals willing to put their name and face on fraudulent projects — all for the low price of $8, blockchain security firm CertiK has uncovered. 

These individuals, described by CertiK as “Professional KYC actors” would, in some cases, voluntarily become the verified face of a crypto project, gaining trust in the crypto community prior to an “insider hack or exit scam.”

Other uses of these KYC actors include using their identities to open up bank or exchange accounts on behalf of the bad actors.

According to a Nov. 17 blog post, CertiK analysts were able to find over 20 underground marketplaces hosted on Telegram, Discord, mobile apps, and gig websites to recruit KYC actors for as low as $8 for simple “gigs” like passing the KYC requirements “to open a bank or exchange account from a developing country.”

Pricier jobs involve the KYC actor putting their face and name on a fraudulent project. CertiK noted that most actors are seemingly exploited as they are based in developing countries “with an above-average concentration in South-East Asia” and paid around $20 or $30 per role.

Meanwhile, more complex requirements or verification processes could fetch an even higher asking price, particularly if the KYC actors are residents of countries considered a low money laundering risk.

Some roles paid up to $500 a week if an actor was to play the role of CEO for a malicious project but the KYC actor market was “marginal” compared to the market for already KYCed bank and crypto exchange accounts according to CertiK.

Crypto to fiat — or vice-versa — conversions were also cited as a significant percentage of the transactions seen on these marketplaces with CertiK calculating that more than 500,000 members in marketplace sizes ranging from 4,000 to 300,000 were buyers and sellers on these black markets.

Related: Scary stats: $3B stolen in 2022 as of ‘Hacktober,’ doubling 2021

CertiK warned that over 40 websites claiming to vet crypto projects and offer “KYC badges” are “worthless” as the services are “too superficial to detect fraud or simply too amateur to detect insider threats.”

They added the teams behind these websites are “missing the needed “investigation methodology, training, and experience” meaning these badges are then leveraged by scammers to mislead the community and investors.

That being said, the industry has been working hard and is gaining ground in its fight against crypto scammers. A tool released in October by traditional finance giant Mastercard combines artificial intelligence and blockchain data to help find and prevent fraud.

Contrary to popular belief, the open nature of blockchain transactions means it’s harder for fraudsters to hide the movement of funds. Another recent example has been the work of French authorities using on-chain analysis to find and charge five people who stole nonfungible tokens (NFT) through a phishing scam.

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CertiK says SMS is the ‘most vulnerable’ form of 2FA in use

The level of security provided by SMS pales in comparison to authenticators or physical security keys, CertiK's Jesse Leclere says in an interview.

Using SMS as a form of two-factor authentication has always been popular among crypto enthusiasts. After all, many users are already trading their cryptos or managing social pages on their phones, so why not simply use SMS to verify when accessing sensitive financial content?

Unfortunately, con artists have lately caught on to exploiting the wealth buried under this layer of security via SIM-swapping, or the process of rerouting a person's SIM card to a phone that is in possession of a hacker. In many jurisdictions worldwide, telecom employees won't ask for government ID, facial identification, or social security numbers to handle a simple porting request.

Combined with a quick search for publicly available personal information (quite common for Web 3.0 stakeholders) and easy-to-guess recovery questions, impersonators can quickly port an account's SMS 2FA to their phone and begin using it for nefarious means. Earlier this year, many crypto Youtubers fell victim to a SIM-swap attack where hackers posted scam videos on their channel with text directing viewers to send money to the hacker's wallet. In June Solana NFT project Duppies had its official Twitter account breached via a SIM-Swap with hackers tweeting links to a fake stealth mint.

With regards to this matter, Cointelegraph spoke with CertiK's security expert Jesse Leclere. Known as a leader in the blockchain security space, CertiK has helped over 3,600 projects secure $360 billion worth of digital assets and detected over 66,000 vulnerabilities since 2018. Here's what Leclere had to say:

"SMS 2FA is better than nothing, but it is the most vulnerable form of 2FA currently in use. Its appeal comes from its ease of use: most people are either on their phone or have it close at hand when they're logging in to online platforms. But its vulnerability to SIM card swaps cannot be underestimated."

Leclerc explained that dedicated authenticator apps, such as Google Authenticator, Authy, or Duo, offer nearly all the convenience of SMS 2FA while removing the risk of SIM-swapping. When asked if virtual or eSIM cards can hedge away the risk of SIM-swap-related phishing attacks, for Leclerc, the answer is a clear no:

"One has to keep in mind that SIM-swap attacks rely on identity fraud and social engineering. If a bad actor can trick an employee at a telecom firm into thinking that they are the legitimate owner of a number attached to a physical SIM, they can do so for an eSIM as well.

Though it is possible to deter such attacks by locking the SIM card to one's phone (Telecom companies can also unlock phones), Leclere nevertheless points to the gold standard of using physical security keys. "These keys plug into your computer's USB port, and some are near-field communication (NFC) enabled for easier use with mobile devices," explains Leclere. "An attacker would need to not only know your password but physically take possession of this key in order to get into your account."

Leclere points out that after mandating the use of security keys for employees in 2017, Google has experienced zero successful phishing attacks. "However, they're so effective that if you lose the one key that is tied to your account, you will most likely not be able to regain access to it. Keeping multiple keys in safe locations is important," he added.

Finally Leclere sa that in addition to using an authenticator app or a security key, a good password manager makes it easy to create strong passwords without reusing them across multiple sites. "A strong, unique password paired with non-SMS 2FA is the best form of account security," he stated.

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CertiK shares security tips following third BAYC security compromise in six months

According to CertiK, investors should be highly skeptical of free NFT giveaways, as well as small peculiarities in sites they interact with.

On June 4, the popular nonfungible token, or NFT, project Bored Ape Yacht Club (BAYC) suffered its third security compromise this year. Nearly 142 Ether (ETH) ($250,000) worth of NFTs was stolen after hackers gained access to the Discord account of a BAYC community manager and posted a message with a link to a fake website.

The link advertised a limited-time free-NFT giveaway to users who connected their wallets, which were then drained of NFTs. During two prior occasions in April, hackers breached BAYC's Discord and Instagram pages and managed to siphon 91 NFTs, worth over $1.3 million at the time of the second attempt, via a phishing link. 

As told by blockchain security firm CertiK, hackers quickly moved stolen funds to obfuscation platform Tornado Cash, making it impossible to trace any further flow of funds on the blockchain. In a statement to Cointelegraph, sources at CertiK explained that however legitimate the project may seem, "NFT holders should also be highly suspicious of anyone claiming to offer free assets, as these can often be phishing attacks." In addition, CertiK wrote:

"In the case of the June 4th attack, the malicious carbon-copy site had some small differences. Firstly, there were no links to social media sites on the phishing site. There was also an added tab titled "claim free land" and specifically targeted popular NFT projects."

As a precautionary measure, Certik recommended crypto enthusiasts look for subtle peculiarities on such sites, as they are frequently an indicator of malicious activity. "At the very least, users engaging with such giveaways should always make an effort to confirm the legitimacy of the site by comparing it with a known and confirmed site and looking for any discrepancies," they concluded.

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More than $1.6 billion exploited from DeFi so far in 2022

The amount exploited this year so far surpasses the total amount stolen in all of 2020 and 2021 combined, with the month of March alone beating 2020 by over $200 million.

The decentralized finance (DeFi) space has been rife with hacks, exploits, and scams so far this year with over $1.6 billion in crypto stolen from users, surpassing the total amount stolen in 2020 and 2021 combined.

Analysis from blockchain security firm CertiK revealed the statistics on May 2 showing the month of March having the most value stolen at $719.2 million, over $200 million more than what was stolen in all of 2020. The March figure is largely due to the Ronin Bridge exploit where attackers made off with over $600 million worth of crypto.

April was a busy month for attacks with CertiK recording 31 major incidents, an average of nearly one a day. The most valuable was the $182 million siphoned from Beanstalk Farms using a flash loan attack.

CertiK noted the nearly $80 million lost by Fei Protocol, the second most valuable heist last month, and the $10 million lost from automated market maker protocol Saddle Finance which both took place at the end of the month.

Both protocols took to Twitter to offer their respective attackers a bounty in exchange for returning the stolen funds. Whilst the chances of that happening may be slim, it’s not unheard of as the Poly Network hacker in 2021 returned nearly all of the $610 million stolen from the network along with refusing a $500,000 bounty reward.

CertiK said that April 2022 “holds the record for highest dollar amount losses in flash loan attacks ever recorded by us” with losses from that type of exploit reaching $301.4 million. In comparison, flash loan attack losses in January, February, and March 2022 combined were only $6.7 million.

Related: The biggest crypto heists of all time

The analysis of this year's DeFi exploits comes as the total value locked (TVL) in DeFi has dropped below $200 billion for the first time since March 16 according to DeFiLlama.

Between April 30 and May 1, TVL dropped by just over 3.5% to $195.87 billion, only slightly recovering to $199.42 billion today Tuesday, May 3. The last 30 days since April 3 have seen a 13.5% decrease in TVL and a nearly 22% decline since the all-time high of over $254 billion on December 2, 2021.

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