Canada central bank assesses innovations and challenges of DeFi

October 17, 2023 Coin Telegraph

The staff note suggested that although the DeFi ecosystem brings a ton of innovations in the financial sector the regulatory challenges and vulnerability limit its potential use in traditional finance.

The Central Bank of Canada published a staff note on Decentralized Finance on Oct. 17, assessing the innovations that made it popular and the challenges and risks associated with its use.

The staff note described DeFi as a multi-layered structure with the Ethereum blockchain serving as the bottom layer (or settlement layer). Developers construct a variety of tools and services on top of the main blockchain including tokenization, lending and borrowing services, and much more.

*DeFi Architecture. Source: Bank of Canada*

The staff note shed light on the rise in popularity of the DeFi ecosystem starting in 2020 and how it became an integral part of the crypto economy with billions in volume over the next few years. The popularity of the ecosystem took a dip starting in 2022 with the collapse of multiple key crypto platforms with significant DeFi exposure including Terra-Luna.

Talking about the key features of the decentralized ecosystem, the staff note lauded DeFi’s “composability,” which allows the apps and services in the ecosystem to interconnect. The Bank of Canada note highlighted three of the key areas where DeFi can transform the financial system

Frictionless financial service offering: A decentralized ledger-based system reduces frictions experienced in the legacy system and expands the scope of financial services currently being offered.
Open competition: The DeFi ecosystem is open to everyone to build and access given the open-source nature thus it makes way for increased competition offering better options for the end user.
Transparency: The use of programable smart contracts eliminates intermediaries and increases transparency in the system as everything is accessible to people analysing.

Apart from the key DeFi innovations that can transform the traditional financial system, the staff note also talked about the challenges and risks associated with the DeFi ecosystem claiming that “despite its innovations and possibilities, the overall economic benefits of DeFi remain limited.”

The note lists three key challenges that the DeFi system faces today: The lack of real-world tokenization, the higher concentration of interconnection within and its dependence on the unregulated centralized finance ecosystem.

The note also highlighted the regulatory challenges posed by the DeFi ecosystem and the rise in vulnerabilities in the ecosystem leading to several hacks and exploits. The note claimed that “the anonymous and borderless nature of public blockchains complicates regulatory oversight.”

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Canadians have ‘weak incentives’ to use a CBDC: Bank of Canada

August 11, 2023 Coin Telegraph

Bank of Canada

A central bank discussion paper found that the majority of Canadians have little trouble accessing financial services, which gives them little reason to use a CBDC.

The typical Canadian has little reason to adopt a central bank-issued digital currency, which could cause problems with its broad acceptance, according to a new paper from the Bank of Canada.

In the staff discussion paper released on Aug. 10, the central bank looked at a hypothetical scenario where cash was virtually eliminated in order to see what role a potential CBDC could play in helping the underbanked.

It found that most consumers would have “weak incentives” to use one, as Canadians don't face meaningful barriers to financial services like bank accounts or debit and credit cards.

*Screenshot of the staff discussion paper. Source: Bank of Canada*

98% of Canadian adults have a bank account, 87% also have a credit card and 90% of rural and urban households combined can access high-quality internet, the paper said.

It however found that replacing cash with digital loonies would also mean tech-averse Canadians would have fewer payment options while cash-dependent Canadians would find themselves unable to make the most common payments.

The potentially low uptake of a CBDC would also lead to merchants unlikely to want to accept one which would further diminish its usefulness.

Our latest survey results show that 92% of merchants have no plans to go cashless.

Read more results from our survey: https://t.co/DX0lUJ90u7 #cdnecon #PaymentMethods #Survey pic.twitter.com/017UYxiIC4
— Bank of Canada (@bankofcanada) August 8, 2023

Instead, the paper floated non-CBDC-related ways that could better help the underbanked — including improving internet access, expanding low-cost bank account availability, increasing merchant collaboration with remote communities and continuing to supply cash.

The paper stressed it was not predicting how Canadians would react to a CBDC and said more could be interested in using it due to a variety of reasons.

Even if there was greater interested than it suggested, the paper added the barriers for both users and merchants to broadly adopt a CBDC “appear to be significant.”

Cash is still king

The paper also gave a strong nod to the necessity of cash, noting that without cash there would be no offline payment methods in emergency situations such as extreme weather or widespread power outages.

“This suggests the potential system-wide benefits of encouraging digital payment innovations that can function offline as well as the importance of sustaining cash,” it explained.

The paper claimed such a scenario highlighted the importance of the Bank of Canada continuing to issue cash and providing cash accessibility.

The paper noted the central bank previously stated it was committed to supplying cash as long as it was in demand and a CBDC would only be issued with the advent of a cashless society or the widespread use of foreign CBDCs or cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin (BTC).

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Canadian crypto ownership declined amid tight regulations, falling prices

August 4, 2023 Coin Telegraph

Bank of Canada

The biggest motivation for Canadians interested in Bitcoin is an investment — as showcased by the choice of over one-third of the 4,996 respondents in the Bank of Canada's 2022 survey.

The Bank of Canada (BOC) reported a decline in the ownership of Bitcoin (BTC) and cryptocurrencies in the country last year as neither market conditions nor regulations sided in the favor of Canadian crypto investors, according to a BOC study published last week.

The annual Bitcoin Omnibus Survey (BTCOS) conducted by the Canadian central bank showed a relapse from the massive crypto adoption witnessed in 2021.

*Bitcoin awareness and ownership in Canada, 2016 to 2022. Source: Bank of Canada*

The above graph shows that — halfway into 2022 — Bitcoin ownership in Canada declined to 9% by August. Although BTC adoption saw a slight uptick to 10% by the end of the year. However, the drop in Bitcoin ownership does not imply that investors were spreading out their investments into other cryptocurrencies. The report read:

“Investors did not appear to shift out of Bitcoin and into other cryptoassets, as we observe decreased ownership of altcoins.”

The biggest motivation for Canadians interested in Bitcoin is an investment — as showcased by the choice of over one-third of the 4,996 respondents in the BOC survey.

*Percentage of Canadians who own Bitcoin, 2016 to 2022. Source: Bank of Canada*

Most Canadians acquired their crypto holdings through mobile and web apps. Bitcoin and crypto mining became the third-most-popular method of accumulating tokens for the second consecutive year.

When it comes to the altcoin ecosystem, Dogecoin (DOGE) was the most sought-after crypto investment considering the Elon Musk-induced hype and its history of randomly skyrocketing in price. Ether (ETH), Bitcoin Cash (BCH) and Litecoin (LTC) were some of the other popular altcoins for Canadians.

According to the BOC, the research is relevant for monitoring the two conditions that could warrant the issuance of an in-house central bank digital currency (CBDC): “if Canadians almost or do stop using cash, or if Canadians widely adopt and use private cryptocurrencies for payments.”

Hey Canada, we need your input!

Our public consultation on a potential #DigitalCanadianDollar is now LIVE. #HaveYourSay by June 19: https://t.co/p8BdG3tQ9h pic.twitter.com/vKRoBfAngu
— Bank of Canada (@bankofcanada) May 8, 2023

BOC highlighted that ecosystem collapses, along with regulatory hurdles and price depreciation contributed to the decline in crypto ownership. However, considering the government’s intent to provide regulatory clarity combined with a stable market, the crypto ownership in the region is expected to pick up as well.

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Canada’s central bank asks citizens what they want in a digital dollar

May 9, 2023 Coin Telegraph

Bank of Canada

Canadians are being asked what features they wish to see in a digital Canadian dollar even though there are no plans yet to issue one.

Canadians are being asked to submit what features they want to be included in a potential digital Canadian dollar, with the country’s central bank opening a consultation to the public.

On May 8, the Bank of Canada (BoC) launched a public consultation that will run until June 19, noting it’s exploring a virtual loonie as “the world becomes increasingly digital.”

The BoC’s senior deputy governor Carolyn Rogers said in a statement the bank wants to hear what Canadians “value most in the design of a digital dollar” to help it make choices relating to its security and reliability along with ensuring it “meets the needs of Canadians.”

Hey Canada, we need your input!

Our public consultation on a potential #DigitalCanadianDollar is now LIVE. #HaveYourSay by June 19: https://t.co/p8BdG3tQ9h pic.twitter.com/vKRoBfAngu
— Bank of Canada (@bankofcanada) May 8, 2023

The bank was quick to state that it's not starting work on a central bank digital currency (CBDC) and wasn’t looking to replace cash if it does.

“At this time, a digital Canadian dollar is not needed. And any decision to issue one rests with Parliament and the Government of Canada.”

“Cash isn’t going anywhere,” the BoC added. It said, however, that many Canadians could be excluded from the economy in the future if the use of banknotes falls.

If a CBDC was issued, physical notes would still be provided “for those who want them” the bank said.

The BoC also outlined the possibility that cryptocurrencies or foreign CBDCs “could become widely used in Canada.”

It claimed this scenario could compromise the Canadian dollar and “pose a risk to the stability of our financial system.”

The consultation’s questionnaire asks Canadians a wide range of questions including the payment methods they’ve used in the last month, how often they would potentially use a Canadian CBDC and what design features they wish to see.

It also specifically asks if the survey taker uses or holds cryptocurrencies and features a range of demographic questions about gender, age, education and income.

Canadians are asked as part of the digital dollar consultation if they use or hold crypto. Source: BoC

The BoC said it will publish a report summarizing the consultation “later this year.”

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US explores additional bank support favoring First Republic’s benefit: Report

March 26, 2023 Coin Telegraph

Bank of Canada

Despite banking laws stating that remedies should not be aimed at benefiting a specific bank, this change could be structured “in a way to ensure” First Republic benefits, according to unnamed sources.

United States authorities are reportedly deliberating on "expanding" an emergency credit line for banks, which may provide First Republic Bank a time buffer to address balance sheet concerns, according to people familiar with the situation.

In a March 26 Bloomberg report citing unnamed sources, it was reported that U.S. officials are ruminating on what support, "if any," can be provided to First Republic, however an “expansion of the Federal Reserve’s offering” is one of the options being explored.

First Republic was reportedly deemed “stable enough to operate” by regulators without the need for an “immediate intervention,” as efforts are made by the bank in the meantime to “shore up its balance sheet.”

The sources noted that while the Fed’s liquidity offerings would be reportedly expanded in accordance with banking law, which stipulates that it must be “broadly based” and not aimed at benefiting a specific bank, they also warned that the alteration could be “made in a way” that ensures First Republic Bank benefits.

It was reported that despite First Republic facing structural challenges with its balance sheet, "the bank's deposits are stabilizing” and is not at risk of experiencing “the kind of sudden, severe run” that led regulators to close down Silicon Valley Bank. It noted:

“It has cash to meet client needs while it explores solutions, the people said. That includes $30 billion deposited by the nation’s largest banks this month.”

This comes after the Fed announced a plan on March 19 to strengthen liquidity conditions through “swap lines," which involve an agreement between two central banks to exchange currencies.

Coordinated central bank action to enhance the provision of U.S. dollar liquidity: https://t.co/Qs4cYY8BFO
— Federal Reserve (@federalreserve) March 19, 2023

"To improve the swap lines’ effectiveness in providing U.S. dollar funding, the central banks currently offering U.S. dollar operations have agreed to increase the frequency of seven-day maturity operations from weekly to daily," the Fed said in a statement

The swap line network – which involves the Bank of Canada, Bank of England, Bank of Japan, European Central Bank, and the Swiss International Bank – commenced on March 20 and is set to run until at least April 30.

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Canadian central bank identifies retail CBDC archetypes in theory-heavy analysis

October 6, 2022 Coin Telegraph

Bank of Canada

An analyst at the Bank of Canada has written a paper that identifies recurring patterns in CBDC models and how those patterns impact a list of performance criteria.

Five patterns that recur in retail central bank digital currency (CBDC) designs were identified in a new Bank of Canada staff analytic note. The research focused on information organization and compared software rather than real or proposed CBDCs, and it examined the practical implications of its findings for retail payment systems.

The author, Sriram Darbha, called the patterns he identified “archetypes.” They were characterized by how the CBDC’s state — information about its supply and ownership — was maintained and how it was updated. Those characteristics have implications for both bank policy and hardware, according to Darbha. He said:

“After studying a variety of CBDC system designs, we believe it is useful to organize the possible CBDC designs according to a few archetypes that are independent of vendor, platform and technology.”

Some of the archetypes had relatively transparent names — the centralized and leaderless archetypes reflect basic notions of the blockchain. The macro-partitioned, micro-partitioned and direct archetypes depend critically on the concept of portioned entities, which are updated separately.

CBDC | Archetypes for a retail CBDC, by Sriram Darbha (Staff Analytical Note, Bank of Canada).

Just out! #CBDC #Retail https://t.co/pGIw5mP6gD
— David Tercero-Lucas (@David_III_L) October 5, 2022

The archetypes are ranked by eight criteria, with centralized topping the rankings and direct coming in last. Privacy was the most problematic criterion, one for which only the direct archetype received high score.

Darbha stated that the archetypes enable central banks to express their policy goals and “focus their efforts on classes of systems that fit those archetypes.” The rankings pointed to areas for future research, and the paper’s findings had theoretical implications for “the representation of money and the structure of state.”

Darbha co-authored two previous notes on CBDCs in the same series. The Bank of Canada is also working with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Media Labs’ Digital Currency Initiative on a project to design a Canadian digital dollar. The European Central Bank published a progress report on its digital euro investigation phase that examined similar issues on Sept. 29.

Canadia’s new opposition leader is a Bitcoiner

September 13, 2022 Coin Telegraph

Bank of Canada

The new Conservative Party of Canada leader has previously advocated for financial freedom through crypto tokens, smart contracts and decentralized finance.

Canadian politician and noted crypto advocate Pierre Poilievre has taken the helm of Canada’s Conservative Party, which looks set to give the current administration a run for its money in the next federal election.

The pro-crypto politician reportedly won the leadership of the Conservative Party of Canada in a landslide victory on Sept. 10, securing 68.15% of the electoral points up for grabs, an far outpacing his nearest opponent Jean Charest who received just 16.07 % of the vote.

Poilievre has been a member of the Conservative Party since 2003, first winning office in the 2004 election. He has since served as a Member of Parliament for seven terms and held various roles including Shadow Minister for Finance and Minister of Employment and Social Development.

Poilievre has been known as a supporter of crypto and Bitcoin (BTC), advocating for more financial freedom through tokens, smart contracts, and decentralized finance.

His latest appointment means that Canadians may be able to eventually vote for a pro-crypto Prime Minister in the 2025 federal election, which is set to take place on or before Oct. 20, 2025, to determine who will be the 45th Canadian Prime Minister.

Earlier this year, Poilievre urged the Canadian public to vote for him as leader to “make Canada the blockchain capital of the world,” adding:

“Let people take back control of their money from bankers & politicians."

Let people take back control of their money from bankers & politicians.

Expand choice, lower costs of financial products, create thousands of jobs.

Get your membership. So you can vote for me as leader. To make Canada the blockchain capital of the world: https://t.co/d9I1ky9w2t pic.twitter.com/qQrJct9gKK
— Pierre Poilievre (@PierrePoilievre) March 28, 2022

In March, YouTube channel BITCOIN posted a video of Poilievre at a Tahinis Restaurant during his leadership election campaign talking about his support for crypto, saying: "We must keep cryptocurrencies legal."

"People should have the freedom to choose other money. If the government is going to abuse our cash, we should have the freedom to use other, higher quality cash."

He also briefly spoke about ideas to simplify crypto taxes, rules and regulations so there was a consistent law across Canada.

In the same video, he bought chicken shawarma using the Lightning Network.

However, Poilievre has offered very few specifics on how his party would implement the regulation and adoption of crypto if they unseat current Prime Minister Justin Trudeau's Liberal party.

The Conservative Party of Canada currently holds 16 out of 105 seats in the Senate and 119 out of 338 in the house of commons, while Trudeau's Liberal government has a minority government with 160 seats in the house of commons.

To form a majority government requires at least 170 seats in the house of commons.

Canada made its foray into the global digital asset space when its Parliament passed a national law on digital currencies in 2014.

The Canadian regulatory council also created a new preregistration filing for crypto platforms in August of this year.

Only a relatively small number of Canadians currently hold BTC, according to the Bank of Canada Financial System Review released in June 2022 — with about 13% of Canadians owning some in 2021, up from 5% in 2020.

Bank of Canada

Cash is still king

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