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German crypto regulator calls for global rules to also govern niche finance centers

BaFin's top executive stresses the risks of crypto and calls for global regulation to apply to all financial centers, without exceptions.

While the European Union has made significant progress toward regulating crypto by approving its comprehensive framework, Markets in Crypto Assets (MiCA), the need for global regulation still remains, according to one of the top executives of the German Federal Financial Supervisory Authority (BaFin). 

In a blog post on Sept 18, Rupert Schaefer, Executive Director of Strategy, Policy and Control at BaFin, highlighted the importance of unitary global regulation of the crypto industry.

Citing the unfortunate example of the FTX, Schaefer compared regulators to air traffic control, and “some crypto assets and decentralized finance projects” to unidentifiable flying objects.

Related: Germany's blockchain funding increases 3% amid market downturn

Schaefer acknowledged the obvious progress in regulating crypto with MiCA adoption in the EU, the Financial Stability Board’s (FSB) and the International Association of Securities Commissions’ (IOSCO) sets of recommendations, as well as the Basel Committee's new international supervisory standard for treatment of cryptoasset exposures.

However, the official reminded about the inconsistencies existing on a global scale, where there is still a place for exceptions from global regulatory push:

“Now the common principles must be implemented consistently and consistently worldwide. There should be no white spots in the flight radar: the global rules should also apply to niche financial centers.”

The same sentiment was recently expressed by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi who pushed for global collaboration on formulating crypto regulations among G20 member states. 

Meanwhile in Germany, as in a number of other European markets, the crypto and blockchain sector became a leader among the fintech companies in investments, attracted during the first half of 2023.

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Israel, Hong Kong complete retail CBDC test emphasizing privacy, inclusivity

The Hong Kong Monetary Authority, Bank of Israel and Bank for International Settlements teamed up to address the complex issues of rCBDCs.

The Bank for International Settlements and the central banks of Hong Kong and Israel released the results of Project Sela on Sept. 12. The project was a public-private partnership that used private intermediaries to create a retail central bank digital currency (rCBDC) combining the desirable characteristics of cash and the advantages of digitalization.

The project leveraged the central banks’ diverse experience to incorporate a number of predefined policy, security, technology and legal features. The private participants were fintechs FIS and M10 Networks, which provided core products, Clifford Chance for legal analysis and Check Point Software Technologies for cyber security. The project was a proof-of-concept.

In the Sela ecosystem, the central bank that issues an rCBDC maintains the ledger for it with pseudo-anonymous end-user accounts and provides instantaneous settlement with a real-time gross settlement (RTGS) system. Funding institutions manage users’ accounts and convert the rCBDC into and out of bank deposits and cash. An intermediary called an access enabler handles all customer-facing services, including Know Your Customer compliance, endorsements and routing, while end users maintain control over their electronic wallets with cryptographic keys.

Related: Hong Kong regulator eyes tokenization for bond market improvement: Report

One advantage of the ecosystem is its accessibility for the private financial institutions that carry out the unbundled financial services, which will purportedly increase competition and lead to increased user access. Access enablers do not create accounts, manage records or control money, reducing the regulatory requirements placed on them:

“Lower entry barriers can enable wider participation in the provision of rCBDC services, compared with the existing payments market, to include, for example, SMEs [small- and medium-sized enterprises], civil society and charitable organisations, e-commerce providers, community centres and technology companies, among others.”

Financial institutions are understood in the traditional sense of banks, credit unions and similar organizations. Thus, it does not lead to disintermediation. Project Sela rCBDC users would not have to be account holders to use the services of those institutions to convert an rCBDC to or from cash. Payments are settled by the central banks, and users control their money the whole time. The central bank participants are assumed to be the operators of the distributed ledger system.

A system weak point noted in the report is RTGS systems, since they are usually not available around the clock and are not designed for frequent small transactions. Potential technical solutions are discussed.

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BIS thinks DeFi has no use cases, but CZ is bullish: Finance Redefined

Binance CEO Changpeng Zhao says DeFi will outpace CeFi in the next bull run, but the Bank for International Settlements is skeptical.

Welcome to Finance Redefined, your weekly dose of essential decentralized finance (DeFi) insights — a newsletter crafted to bring you the most significant developments from the past week.

The past week in the DeFi ecosystem was filled with ups and downs, from the United States Commodity Futures Trading Commission’s (CFTC) investigation into multiple DeFi protocols to Binance CEO Changpeng “CZ” Zhao’s forecast that DeFi would outgrow centralized finance (CeFi) in the next bull run.

While CZ anticipates a bright future for DeFi, a report from the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) argues that a pure form of DeFi cannot survive independently and has little use case in the real world.

The Shiba Inu ecosystem’s layer-2 network, Shibarium, has continued its rapid growth post-relaunch, with over one million wallets created; however, its progress has yet to impact the price of the Shiba Inu (SHIB) token.

The top 100 DeFi tokens had a late Friday surge, with most of the tokens posting positive weekly gains.

Binance CEO CZ forecasts DeFi outgrowing CeFi in the next bull run

Binance CEO Changpeng Zhao predicts that DeFi has the potential to surpass centralized CeFi in the next bull run.

During a Sept. 1 live X (formerly Twitter) Spaces, titled CZ AMA, Zhao shared his thoughts on the future of DeFi. “I think the more decentralized the industry becomes, the better,” he declared, adding that it may not be long before it takes over CeFi trading volumes.

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CFTC cracks down on DeFi protocols Opyn, ZeroEx and Deridex

The U.S. CFTC is taking regulatory action against three DeFi protocols for allegedly failing to register various derivatives trading offerings. The U.S. commodities regulator announced it had issued orders against protocols Opyn, ZeroEx and Deridex in a Sept. 8 statement.

Deridex and Opyn were charged for failing to register as a swap execution facility or designated contract market and failing to register as a futures commission merchant. The two protocols also failed to comply with customer provisions set out in the Bank Secrecy Act, the CFTC said.

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“Pure” DeFi has little chance for real-world use because of need for oracles: BIS

The need for an oracle in DeFi is a major impediment to adoption in the real world, according to the authors of a Bank for International Settlements bulletin. The problems with oracles are both practical and principled, and the study’s authors saw no way around them.

An oracle is a third party that provides real-world data flowing to or from a DeFi protocol. An oracle is centralized by nature, and its presence means a protocol is not fully decentralized — if that is tolerated, then trustlessness is lost, the authors said. That is likely to be a fatal flaw for use with real-world assets, the authors wrote.

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Binance to reimburse users $1 million for Cyber Earn incident

Crypto exchange Binance is refunding users $1 million of Tether (USDT) over its handling of the CyberConnect (CYBER) token incident.

As described by the exchange on Sept. 7, a price discrepancy on listed CYBER tokens occurred the week prior due to a liquidity crunch constricting CYBER cross-chain bridges on the Korean cryptocurrency exchange Upbit. This led to arbitrageurs borrowing CYBER from Binance to profit from the difference. In turn, Binance users who staked CYBER in its Flexible Earn Program were barred from redemptions, as the staked assets had been borrowed, reaching the loan limit.

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Shibarium hits one million wallets amid meteoric growth, SHIB yet to catch up

The total number of wallets on Shiba Inu’s newly launched layer-2 network, Shibarium, has surpassed the one million mark in a meteoric rise since its relaunch.

The milestone — announced in a Sept. 3 blog post by the official Shibarium team — means there were at least 900,000 wallets created since Shibarium’s relaunch on Aug. 28, and only two weeks after the Shibarium network first went live — albeit with some technical hiccups.

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DeFi market overview

Data from Cointelegraph Markets Pro and TradingView shows that DeFi’s top 100 tokens by market capitalization had a late bullish surge, with most tokens trading in the green on the weekly charts. The total value locked into DeFi protocols touched $49.73 billion.

Thanks for reading our summary of this week’s most impactful DeFi developments. Join us next Friday for more stories, insights and education regarding this dynamically advancing space.

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Appeal of Crypto Is ‘Illusory’ and Amplifying Financial Risks of Emerging Markets: Bank for International Settlements

Appeal of Crypto Is ‘Illusory’ and Amplifying Financial Risks of Emerging Markets: Bank for International Settlements

Cryptocurrencies increase the financial risks of emerging economies, according to a new report published by the global central bank umbrella organization known as the Bank for International Settlements (BIS). The report says that cryptocurrencies cannot solve developing countries’ financial challenges, despite some arguing that digital assets can address such problems as high-fee payment transactions and […]

The post Appeal of Crypto Is ‘Illusory’ and Amplifying Financial Risks of Emerging Markets: Bank for International Settlements appeared first on The Daily Hodl.

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Crypto amplified financial risks in emerging markets: BIS papers

Central banks of the United States, Canada, Mexico and Brazil have pointed out the risks of crypto, but warned against excessively prohibitive laws.

Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin (BTC) have failed to reduce but rather have “amplified financial risks” in less developed economies, according to a new study published by the The Bank for International Settlements (BIS).

On Aug. 22, the Consultative Group of Directors of Financial Stability (CGDFS) released a new report on cryptocurrencies, titled “Financial stability risks from crypto assets in emerging market economies.”

The study was conducted by BIS member central banks within CGDFS including those in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru and the United States. The document emphasized that the views expressed are those of the authors and “not necessarily the views of the BIS.”

According to the authors of the study, cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin hold out the “illusory appeal” of being a quick solution for financial challenges in emerging markets.

“They have been promoted as low-cost payment solutions, as alternatives for accessing the financial system and as substitutes for national currencies in countries with high inflation or high exchange rate volatility,” the study reads. As cryptocurrencies allegedly extended the financial stability risks of emerging markets, authorities have many policy options to address those risks, ranging from outright bans to containment to regulation, the report notes.

At the same time, there are also risks if central banks and regulators react in an “excessively prohibitive manner,” the paper reads, adding that such policies may drive crypto activities into the shadows. The authors added:

“While crypto-related activities have not fulfilled their stated goals to date, the technology could still be applied in various constructive ways. Creating a regulatory framework to channel innovation into such socially useful directions will remain a key challenge in future.”

The central banks mentioned Bitcoin exchange-traded funds (ETFs) as one of major potential market risks in emerging markets as such products are able to lower the barriers to entry for “less sophisticated investors” and increase their exposure.

Among the risks, the study authors mentioned a situation where Bitcoin ETF investors “own no crypto assets but still face large losses when the price of Bitcoin drops.” Additionally, crypto futures-based ETFs “may increase price volatility and amplify risks if they hold a significant portion of the futures market,” the document notes.

Related: Ripple joins BIS cross-border payments task force

It also appears somewhat unclear what emerging markets exactly are implied in the study, as many jurisdictions in this category, including China and Pakistan, have been quite restrictive in terms of crypto regulations. Equally, it's not clear whether the situation is different for more developed countries.

The BIS did not immediately respond to Cointelegraph’s request for comment.

Though not necessarily expressing views of the BIS, the study is another sign that the authority is cautious about the adoption of cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin. In another report in July, the international financial institution reiterated its high skepticism over crypto, pointing to commonly-cited issues like the instability of stablecoins and the purported irreversibility of smart contracts.

On the other hand, the central bank spoke highly of central bank digital currencies. “By underpinning the future monetary system, CBDCs would be the foundation upon which further innovations are built,” the authority wrote.

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BIS gives CBDCs a thumbs up, crypto the middle finger in reports to G20 ministers

G20 finance ministers and central bank governors are meeting this month, and the Bank for International Settlements has findings to present.

In preparation for a meeting of the G20 finance ministers and central bank governors this month, the Bank for International Settlements Innovation Hub (BISIH) submitted two reports — on cryptocurrency and central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) — on July 11. The reports reached very different conclusions about the related technologies.

The BISIH report on crypto is the shorter of the two publications at 24 pages. It provided a short overview of the crypto ecosystem of cryptocurrencies, stablecoins and decentralized finance (DeFi), followed by a laundry list of “[s]tructural flaws and risks.”

The crypto report rehashes some common issues, such as the centralization of much crypto trading, the instability of stablecoins and the purported irreversibility of smart contracts. It raises some relatively little-discussed points, such as the inescapable centralization of DeFi due to the need for an oracle.

Another comparatively rare insight the BISIH crypto report provided was the risk from human nature. Crypto investors, it pointed out, are inclined to chase prices — that is, buy high and sell low — just as is often seen in traditional finance.

Bitcoin price versus crypto exchange usage. Source: The Bank for International Settlements

But the BISIH saw the real risk from crypto as its growing interconnectedness with the real economy. “Institutional investors and households continue to show interest in crypto despite the events of the past year,” the report said, referring to the recent crypto winter. In addition, increasing tokenization of assets could encourage the growth of the crypto market further, the report claimed, without explaining the mechanism for it. Stablecoins could bring on “cryptoisation” of economies, where cash is squeezed out.

The BISIH, along with the central banks of Germany and the Netherlands, has started Project Atlas to visualize cross-border crypto flows, but “further steps are needed for a holistic assessment of crypto markets.” The report concluded:

“Crypto’s inherent structural flaws make it unsuitable to play a significant role in the monetary system.”

The BISIH has implemented 12 CBDC proofs-of-concept or prototypes over the past three years, out of 29 total projects, and has learned valuable lessons, it stated in its CBDC report. The report considers the variables of wholesale versus retail CBDCs and their desirability, feasibility and viability.

Related: CBDC ’human rights’ tracker revealed at Oslo Freedom Forum

The tone of the report differed markedly from the crypto text:

“By underpinning the future monetary system, CBDCs would be the foundation upon which further innovations build.”

The report summarized the mass of findings from all 12 projects and suggested ways the information could be used. It provided grounds for a research gap analysis, first of all. “Experimenting under the BISIH umbrella allows projects to build iteratively on one another,” the report said.

Also, BISIH projects could encourage a “modular approach,” in which components such as payment, foreign exchange and compliance could be “decoupled” from projects for more general use. More CBDC projects are coming, the BIS promised.

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Bank for International Settlements Says DeFi To Act As Starting Point for CBDC Security Systems

Bank for International Settlements Says DeFi To Act As Starting Point for CBDC Security Systems

The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) says that decentralized finance (DeFi) could help write the blueprints for the security of future central bank digital currencies (CBDCs). In a new report, the BIS says that CBDCs are now being built using the same technology that powers DeFi to detect what could possibly go wrong for a CBDC […]

The post Bank for International Settlements Says DeFi To Act As Starting Point for CBDC Security Systems appeared first on The Daily Hodl.

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Research: There could be 24 CBDCs live by 2030

93% of the central banks are already conducting research on central bank digital currencies, 68% are still not ready to launch their digital money.

As  93% of the central banks are already conducting research on central bank digital currencies (CBDCs), the uncertainty about this form of digital money among them fades. There could be up to 15 retail and 9 wholesale CBDCs in circulation by 2030. 

These numbers appear in the survey report by the Bank for International Settlements (BIS), published on July 10. The survey of 86 central banks was conducted in late 2022 — from October to December. It asked central banks whether they were working on a retail, wholesale, or both types of CBDC, how advanced the work was and what was their motivation for it.

According to a survey, more than half of the world’s CBs are conducting experiments or working on a CBDC pilot. Almost a quarter of all CBs are already piloting their retail CBDC projects. The number of wholesale CBDCs in the works is much lower, at half that amount.

Geoeconomically, it is the nations within emerging markets and developing economies (EMDE), which are leading the CBDC adoption. Their share in piloting the retail (29%) and wholesale (16%) CBDCs almost doubles that of the advanced economies (AE), which stands at 18% and 10% respectively.

Both developing and advanced economies mostly share the motivation behind their CBDC projects — financial stability and cross-border payments efficiency. However, there is also a difference, as EMDEs are more often driven by financial inclusion reasons.

Related: BIS develops framework against CBDC cyberattacks

The share of CBs that are likely to issue a retail CBDC within the next three years grew from 15% last year to 18%. At the same time, 68% of central banks still state their unreadiness to issue a retail CBDC “any time soon.”

To date, there are still only 4 CBDCs in circulation — in The Bahamas, the Eastern Caribbean, Jamaica and Nigeria. Yet, based on the central bankers' answers, the survey predicts 15 retail and 9 wholesale CBDCs live by the end of this decade.

At the end of June, the Reserve Bank of India reported ongoing negotiations with at least 18 central banks worldwide regarding the possibility of cross-border payments via its CBDC, the “digital rupee.” In July, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York’s Innovation Center (NYIC) completed its proof-of-concept of a regulated liability network for a CBDC.

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BIS develops framework against CBDC cyberattacks

The institution cited rising exploits against DeFi as a need for more secure CBDCs.

On July 7, the Bank for International Settlements (BIS), a financial institution owned by constituent central banks, published a framework for defending central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) against cybersecurity threats. The BIS wrote:

"Recent examples of smart contract hacks, which have led to the loss of a significant amount of value in DeFi, serve as an example of the potential security risks CBDC systems could face."

In its report, the BIS said security frameworks should safeguard the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of CBDC transactions. By design, CBDCs must be able to dynamically scale to respond to a sudden surge in transaction volumes, have no single points of failure, operate 24/7 without outages, and function even if their underlying financial institution experiences an outage. Moreover:

"To organise the control objectives that have been identified and adapted for CBDC systems. This framework therefore has seven steps: Prepare, Identify, Protect, Detect, Respond, Recover and Adapt."

Together, the seven procedures translate into 104 control objectives such as "24/7 monitoring and alerting function," doing due diligence "on the security of cryptographic keys," and "using a DDoS protection service" to alleviate network traffic volume. To execute the framework, BIS called for the establishment of a central bank senior leadership and board, a chief security officer, and various IT, security, and stakeholder teams.

Although cautious about decentralized finance, BIS has been adamantly supporting the adoption of CBDCs. On June 20, the financial organization published a unified-ledger proposal for cross-border and tokenized asset transactions. In April, BIS concluded a distributed ledger technology plot with the Bank of England.

BIS' seven point security framework

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BIS, 3 central banks look at DeFi technology for wCBDC FX in interim project report

Project Mariana uses an automated market maker to reduce settlement risk and to create a liquidity pool in place of order books.

The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) Innovation Hub published an interim report on Project Mariana, its collaboration with the central banks of France, Singapore and Switzerland, on the use of wholesale central bank digital currency (wCBDC) in tokenized foreign exchange trading. The project is a proof-of-concept that considers questions relating to credit and settlement risk and interoperability.

Specifically, the project looks at automated market makers (AMMs), token standards and network bridges as it “explores the feasibility of an international FX interbank market using wCBDCs on a blockchain-based network.”

An AMM — a smart contract used in decentralized finance — can implement trading and settlement of tokenized assets in a single step, thus reducing risk. For that to happen, technical specifications have to be developed for the wCBDCs and AMMs themselves, as well as the bridges that serve as the on- and off-ramps between the international network and domestic platforms.

Related: Singapore MAS proposes digital money standards with major industry players

The liquidity pool and a bonding curve are integral parts of the proposed AMM design. A bonding curve is simply the price-fixing function for the assets traded. A liquidity pool can replace the traditional use of order books to match buyers and sellers. In this model, the liquidity pool would be formed by commercial banks with all the currencies involved in the project. Access to the trading system would be controlled by whitelists maintained by the central banks.

A different approach to liquidity can be seen in the Singapore Monetary Authority and Federal Reserve Bank of New York’s Project Cedar Phase II x Ubin+, which used a “vehicle currency” in trades between non-tokenized currencies of differing liquidities.

Project Mariana was launched in November. It released its interim report on schedule and promises to release a final report by the end of the year.

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