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BNB Smart Chain hit with copycat Vyper attack, $73K exploited

While Ethereum-based protocols have been hit with the majority of the exploit activity, BNB Smart Chain has also seen similar copycat exploits, according to BlockSec.

The BNB Smart Chain (BSC) has reportedly suffered copycat attacks due to a vulnerability in the Vyper programming language, following a similar vein to the exploit on the decentralized finance (DeFi) protocol Curve Finance.

Amid the exploits carried out on Ethereum, Blockchain security firm BlockSec tweeted on July 30 that around $73,000 worth of cryptocurrencies on BSC across three exploits had also been stolen.

It comes as similar exploits targeting liquidity pools on Curve Finance have racked up losses exceeding $41 million, according to current BlockSec estimates.

The vulnerability was caused by a malfunctioning reentrancy lock on Vyper versions 0.2.15, 0.2.16 and 0.3.0, which is used by a number of DeFi pools.

The programming language is believed to be one of the most widely used for Web3 projects. It was designed for the Ethereum Virtual Machine and could affect other protocols that use the afflicted Vyper versions.

Since news of the exploit broke, white hat and black hat hackers have been duking it out on-chain attempting to disrupt each other's exploit attempts or efforts to recover funds.

Related: Pond0X token launch snafu leads to millions of dollars in losses

One potential whitehat, known as “c0ffebabe.eth,” was seemingly able to grab some funds to store for safekeeping. On July 30 they sent an on-chain message asking affected protocols to contact them to organize returning funds.

So far, the wallet has returned nearly 2,900 Ether (ETH) worth over $5 million to Curve according to one transaction.

Another transaction saw c0ffebabe.eth move 1,000 ETH to what appears to be a newly-created wallet — likely the cold wallet that they mentioned earlier.

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Ethereum Whale Quietly Accumulates Over $1,000,000 Worth of Shiba Inu (SHIB) Competitor: On-Chain Data

Ethereum Whale Quietly Accumulates Over ,000,000 Worth of Shiba Inu (SHIB) Competitor: On-Chain Data

An Ethereum (ETH) whale has accumulated more than $1 million worth of the Shiba Inu (SHIB) memecoin competitor Pepe (PEPE) in the past month, according to the blockchain tracker Lookonchain. Lookonchain notes that the pseudonymous trader OSF spent 141 ETH worth $261,000 to buy 173 billion PEPE earlier this week. Since June 14th, the whale […]

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Stablecoin protocol Reserve invests $20M in Convex, Curve and Stake DAO

The Reserve team said the investment could allow for new features such as collateralized loans and wallet products.

Stablecoin protocol Reserve is investing $20 million into the governance tokens of yield farming apps Curve (CRV), Convex (CVX) and Stake DAO (SDT), according to a June 20 announcement. The investment is intended to increase the liquidity of Reserve’s stablecoins, called RTokens. It will also increase Reserve's voting power within these apps’ governance systems.

Reserve is a stablecoin protocol that allows users to create their own coins backed by any asset they wish. Electronic USD (eUSD), High-Yield USD (hyUSD), Reserve (RSV), Reserve Dollar (RSD) and ETH+ are a few examples of stablecoins that have been created through Reserve.

Reserve Protocol's "Register" app used to create stablecoins. Source: Register

Before the announcement, Reserve was already the seventh-largest holder of Convex tokens, behind only Mochi, Redacted, JPGd, Badger, Clever and FRAX. The protocol gained these tokens through its extensive use of Convex to earn yield for its users.

Related: Yield farming app accumulates $12M TVL 2 weeks after launch

The Reserve team stated that this new $20 million investment may allow for new features for RTokens, including “collateralized loans, wallet products, tokenizing real world assets, and more transparent fintech systems.”

The protocol’s highest market cap coin, eUSD, is backed by dollar derivatives from Compound and Aave. It has a market cap of over $20 million and does approximately $500 million in trading volume per day. The team claims that eUSD has done over $5.7 billion in cumulative volume due to its use in the Android and iOS payment app RPay, which is often used in Latin America for remittances, shopping and payroll.

The protocol’s second-highest market cap coin, High-Yield USD, is backed by a basket of dollar derivatives through Convex and Flex Finance.

The $20 million investment may be welcome news to holders of CRV tokens, as CRV reached a one-year low on June 15. The new low was partially attributed to controversy surrounding Aave loans allegedly taken out by Curve's founder.

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Aave proposal to freeze alleged Curve founder’s loans draws controversy

The proposal suggests that a cap should be imposed on the use of CRV as collateral, preventing this wallet address from adding more loans.

A June 12 AAVE (AAVE) proposal aimed at preventing a particular account from accumulating more debt has led to controversy, with some participants arguing that the proposal violates the principle of censorship-resistance or “neutrality” in decentralized finance, or DeFi.

Some participants believe that the account is owned by Curve (CRV) founder Michael Egorov. Cointelegraph was not able to independently confirm who the account’s owner is.

According to the proposal’s author, financial modeling platform Gauntlet, the Ethereum address 0x7a16ff8270133f063aab6c9977183d9e72835428 has accumulated $67.7 million worth of debt in US Dollar Coin (USDC) and Tether (USDT) through the AAVE V2 protocol using $185 million of Curve tokens as collateral.

Gauntlet expressed fears that this account may continue increasing its debt, leading to the risk that it may be liquidated if there is a sudden fall in the price of Curve. Compounding the problem in Gauntlet’s view is the fact that CRV has suffered a decline in liquidity over the past few months. This may cause slippage if the account gets liquidated, as there may not be enough buyers of CRV in the marketplace willing to take on such a large amount of tokens.

This may lead to millions of dollars in bad debt for AAVE, Gauntlet suggested.

AAVE user DecentMuse claimed that the wallet address “is tagged as belonging to the founder of Curve,” indicating that it may belong to Egorov. In DecentMuse’s view, the loan may represent a way for the founder to take profits from his entrepreneurial activities on behalf of Curve. Cointelegraph was not able to confirm the identity of the address’s owner.

In the proposal, Gauntlet suggested that the AAVE decentralized autonomous organization (AAVE DAO) should implement a patch to freeze any further uses of CRV as collateral for loans. This would allow the account to continue holding its current loan position, but would also prevent it from accumulating any further debt.

Related: Bug in Aave v2 on Polygon causes some assets to become stuck in contracts

Some forum participants supported the proposal and criticized the account for piling on so much debt. For example, a user who goes by the handle “AAVEBull” reportedly claimed that the account must have no intention of paying off its debts, since it has continuously added to its position as the token has declined in price.

In response, critics of the proposal defended the account. For example, user pray.eth stated that the account’s owner may simply believe CRV tokens are radically undervalued; leading them to believe that as the price declines, it makes sense to increase their use as collateral.

An Aave forum participant commenting on the matter | Source: Aave

Aave-Chan Initiative (ACI) founder Marc Zeller, who is a frequent participant in the forums, also weighed in on the proposal. He stated that AAVE DAO should be careful not to violate “the core ethos of DeFi, which is neutrality.” “The intention of users or what they do with their funds is not our primary concern,” Zeller stated, adding “Users should be free to utilize the protocol as they see fit.”

The proposal is listed as a “recommendation” as of June 16. This means that it has not yet been turned into a formal AAVE Improvement Proposal (AIP) that can be voted on by the DAO. The author has stated that turning it into a formal AIP is the proposal’s “next step.”

Participants in the blockchain ecosystem continue to debate the limits of censorship-resistance. In January, many Bitcoin users complained of high fees caused by other users minting and trading Ordinals. Some users wanted to ban ordinals, while others saw a ban as censorship.

On April 11, Tether blacklisted an address that had drained $25 million from EVM front-running bots. Polygon co-founder Jaynti Kanani said the blacklisting established “a bad precedent” that could lead to more transactions being censored, while on-chain sleuth ZachXBT claimed that Tether may have been forced to engage in the act due to a court order.

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SEC crackdown on Binance and Coinbase surge DeFi trading volumes 444%

Total daily trading volumes on decentralized exchanges have surged by nearly $800 million over the past two days.

The median trading volume across the top three decentralized exchanges (DEX) jumped 444% in the past 48 hours as crypto investors reeled from the United States securities regulator's recent legal actions against cryptocurrency exchanges Coinbase and Binance.

According to aggregated data from CoinGecko, total daily trading volumes on Uniswap V3 (Ethereum), Uniswap V3 (Arbitrum) and Pancakeswap V3 (BSC) — which account for 53% of the total DEX trading volume in the last 24 hours — increased by more than $792 million between June 5 and June 7.

Trading volume on Uniswap V3 (Ethereum) in the last 7 days. Source: CoinGecko.

Additionally, the trading volume on Curve, a DEX that allows for the trading of stablecoins spiked by 328%. At the time of writing the bulk of the trading activity on Curve is focused on trading the U.S. Dollar-pegged stablecoins USD Coin (USDC) and Tether (USDT).

Trading volumes on DEXs briefly surpassed those of Coinbase during May’s memecoin frenzy. Crypto investors rushed to purchase tokens such as Pepe (PEPE) and Turbo (TURBO) through Uniswap and a number of other decentralized protocols as the memecoins were not listed on major centralized exchanges.

Related: SEC files motion for restraining order against Binance

As DEX volumes surged, net outflows — the difference between the value of assets entering and exiting the exchange — on Binance reached a staggering $778M. It’s worth noting that current net outflows are still much lower than the exchange’s total reserve. At the time of writing Binance maintained a stablecoin balance of more than $8 billion.

The market frenzy comes amid a swathe of legal action against crypto exchanges by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). On June 6, the SEC sued Coinbase alleging it offered unregistered securities and acted as an unregistered securities broker among other charges.

A day earlier on June 5, the SEC sued Binance, Binance.US and Binance CEO Changpeng Zhao (CZ) under similar allegations. The SEC alleged Binance failed to register as a securities exchange and was therefore illegally operating in the U.S.. According to the charges Zhao was sued as a “controlling person."

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Value Locked in Defi Holds the Line at $50B, After Temporarily Shedding $8B in Mid-March

Value Locked in Defi Holds the Line at B, After Temporarily Shedding B in Mid-MarchThe total value locked (TVL) in decentralized finance (defi) during the first week of April is about $50 billion, roughly the same as on March 1. The value locked dropped to $42 billion on March 12 but has since rebounded as protocols such as Lido Finance, Aave, and Justlend recorded double-digit monthly gains. After the […]

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Stablecoin Trading Dominates Monday’s Crypto Market, Tether and BUSD Sell at Premiums

Stablecoin Trading Dominates Monday’s Crypto Market, Tether and BUSD Sell at PremiumsOn Monday, the crypto economy experienced significant market activity with $183.85 billion in global trade volume over 24 hours, with a large portion of those trades involving stablecoins. USDC traded near parity with the U.S. dollar, and several stablecoins, including tether and BUSD, sold at premiums. Tether reached a high of $1.04 per unit and […]

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USDC Dominated Trading Volume on Decentralized Exchanges Amidst Depegging Incident

USDC Dominated Trading Volume on Decentralized Exchanges Amidst Depegging IncidentOn Saturday, several centralized crypto trading platforms and payment processors stopped USDC auto conversions. However, USDC experienced a significant trading volume on decentralized exchange (dex) platforms such as Uniswap, Curve, and Pancakeswap. Uniswap alone recorded $10.13 billion in trades over the past day, with more than 55% of those swaps involving USDC against wrapped ether, […]

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Derivatives data highlights crypto traders’ positive sentiment and belief in further upside

A 5.5% weekly decline in the total crypto market capitalization might have sucked the wind out of some altcoins, but it has done little to alter traders' bullish point-of-view.

The recent weakness in the crypto market has not invalidated the six-week-long ascending trend, even after a failed test of the channel's upper band on Feb. 21. The total crypto market capitalization remains above the psychological $1 trillion mark and, more importantly, cautiously optimistic after a new round of negative remarks from regulators.

Total crypto market cap in USD, 12-hour. Source: TradingView

As displayed above, the ascending channel initiated in mid-January has room for an additional 3.5% correction down to $1.025 trillion market capitalization while still sustaining the bullish formation.

That is excellent news considering the FUD — fear, uncertainty and doubt — brought down by regulators regarding the cryptocurrency industry.

Recent examples of bad news are, a United States District Court judge ruling that emojis such as the rocket ship, stock chart and money bags infer "a financial return on investment," according to a recent court filing. On Feb. 22, a federal court judge ruling on a case against Dapper Labs denied a motion to dismiss the complaint alleging that its NBA Top Shot Moments violated security laws by using such emojis to denote profit.

Outside of the U.S., on Feb. 23, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) issued guidance on how countries should treat crypto assets, strongly advising against giving Bitcoin a legal tender status. The paper stated, "while the supposed potential benefits from crypto assets have yet to materialize, significant risks have emerged."

IMF directors added that "the widespread adoption of crypto assets could undermine the effectiveness of monetary policy, circumvent capital flow management measures, and exacerbate fiscal risks." In short, those policy guidelines created additional FUD that caused investors to rethink their exposure to the cryptocurrency sector.

The 5.5% weekly decline in total market capitalization since Feb. 20 was driven by the 6.3% loss from Bitcoin (BTC) and Ether's (ETH) 4.6% price decline. Consequently, the correction in altcoins was even more robust, with 9 out of the top 80 cryptocurrencies down by 15% or more in 7 days.

Weekly winners and losers among the top 80 coins. Source: Messari

Stacks (STX) gained 53% after the project announced its v2.1 update to strengthen the connection to Bitcoin-native assets and improve its smart contracts' control.

Optimism (OP) rallied 13% as the protocol released the details of its upcoming superchain network, which focuses on interoperability across blockchains.

Curve (CRV) traded down 21% after an Ethereum security analytics firm suggested verkle trees implementation, which could severely impact Curve Finance's use on the mainnet, according to its team.

Leverage demand is balanced despite the price correction

Perpetual contracts, also known as inverse swaps, have an embedded rate that is usually charged every eight hours. Exchanges use this fee to avoid exchange risk imbalances.

A positive funding rate indicates that longs (buyers) demand more leverage. However, the opposite situation occurs when shorts (sellers) require additional leverage, causing the funding rate to turn negative.

Perpetual futures accumulated 7-day funding rate on Feb. 27. Source: Coinglass

The 7-day funding rate was marginally positive for Bitcoin and Ethereum, thus a balanced demand between leverage longs (buyers) and shorts (sellers). The only exception was the slightly higher demand for betting against BNB price, although it is not significant.

The options put/call ratio remains optimistic

Traders can gauge the market's overall sentiment by measuring whether more activity is going through call (buy) options or put (sell) options. Generally speaking, call options are used for bullish strategies, whereas put options are for bearish ones.

A 0.70 put-to-call ratio indicates that put options open interest lags the more bullish calls and is therefore positive. In contrast, a 1.40 indicator favors put options, which can be deemed bearish.

Related: ‘Liquidity’ has most affected Bitcoin’s price in the last year, according to trader Brian Krogsgard

BTC options volume put-to-call ratio. Source: laevitas.ch

Apart from a brief moment on Feb. 25 when Bitcoin's price traded down to $22,750, the demand for bullish call options has exceeded the neutral-to-bearish puts since Feb. 14.

The current 0.65 put-to-call volume ratio shows the Bitcoin options market is more strongly populated by neutral-to-bullish strategies, favoring call (buy) options by 58%.

From a derivatives market perspective, bulls are less likely to fear the recent 5.5% decline in total market capitalization. There is little that federal judges or the IMF can do to severely impair investors' belief that they can benefit from decentralized protocols and cryptocurrencies' censorship resistance abilities. Ultimately, derivatives markets have shown resilience, paving the way for further upside.

This article does not contain investment advice or recommendations. Every investment and trading move involves risk, and readers should conduct their own research when making a decision.

The views, thoughts and opinions expressed here are the authors’ alone and do not necessarily reflect or represent the views and opinions of Cointelegraph.

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