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Decentralized sensors to combat noise pollution hit the blockchain

A network of 35,000 smartphone sound sensors was deployed on the Peaq Network ecosystem to collect hyper-local noise pollution data for well-being.

The Silencio network has over 35,000 smartphones working as noise sensors via the Peaq Network blockchain ecosystem in an effort to combat the issue of global noise pollution.

On Sept. 19, the Silencio Network announced its integration with Peaq as it continues to expand its reach to include more noise sensor devices. Silencio reports that the noise sensors in its network cover 176 countries and anticipate working on one million devices by 2024.

The project calls its work “Web3 citizen science” in which community members receive tokenized rewards for providing “hyper-local” noise pollution data. Cointelegraph spoke with the two co-founders of Silencio, brothers Thomas and Theo Messerer, about the reason behind tokenizing sound data.

Thomas said the “seed” for the idea was planted over 20 years ago. Growing up with a hearing-impaired parent meant they were always sensitive to noise pollution in different places, plus their experience later deploying Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Networks (DePINs) in Europe.

“We were captivated by the concept of crowd-sourcing geodata in a decentralized way. Driven by the vision of democratizing valuable data and improving lives, we recognized the immense potential of Web3 communities to address real-world challenges, at a scale that Web2 couldn't achieve.”

Theo told Cointelegraph that to date, Silencio has collected over a billion data points from the more than 35,000 devices employed in the Silencio network. He said the primary contributions have come from Europe, North America and Southeast Asia.

Silencio noise pollution map with data points collected from smartphones around the world. Source: Silencio

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He pointed to Silencio’s explorer maps, which show average noise level variations from country to country. He said trends are subject to change as more data is collected and processed at the moment:

“The general trends you’ll spot there go as follows: Urban areas tend to be louder than rural ones, and the issue of noise pollution is more acute in the developing world.”

“It's important to note that we're still in the early stages.” He said that the company began deploying its technology on smartphones back in February. “It's premature to determine noise levels in detail due to limited data density and variety at this point.”

Along with personal reasons for being interested in noise pollution data, hearing loss is one of the most prevalent global health concerns according to the World Health Organization (WHO). 

Till Wendler, the co-founder of Peaq, highlighted that, “noise pollution costs trillions to world GDP each year” and by using Web3 mechanisms, along with “citizen science to crowd-source the data, that will be crucial in solving this crisis.”

“Its data will also enable such businesses as hotels, restaurants, and real estate companies to make more informed decisions when picking locations.”

When asked about how user privacy is factored into the equation, Theo said a “range of measures” are implemented to protect users. 

“We are measuring decibel levels and not the actual audio content. Decibel levels (dB) measure the intensity of sound,” he clarified.

“They are logarithmic and can describe volumes ranging from nearly imperceptible sounds to loud and potentially harmful noise levels.”

Given that location is inherently tied to the project, he said location tracking is something users can opt in for with “explicit” consent. Additionally, all the data collected from users in a given place is anonymized and encrypted in the app.

Silencio’s solution for combating noise pollution is one of many new initiatives in the Web3 space that works with physical objects, like smartphones, charging stations or vehicles to create efficiency and create a bridge to the rapidly expanding digital world. 

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Blockchain active users can be misleading metric: Crypto data scientist

0xScope co-founder Philip Torres says it doesn’t take much effort to spin up thousands of blockchain wallet addresses and pump up user metrics.

Active user count can be a misleading metric for measuring the state of a crypto ecosystem as a small group of users can generate a significant portion of activity across multiple wallets, argues the co-founder of a blockchain analytics provider.

0xScope’s co-founder and chief data scientist, Philip Torres, told Cointelegraph amid the Bitget EmpowerX Summit that between monopolistic founding entities, bots, exploiters and airdrop hunters — as much as 80% of blockchain activity can be generated by just a small number of entities — despite looking healthy on the outside.

“These projects make a claim such as ‘we have 10,000 active users’ — well, we find out using the entity model that you have about 10 to 20 different users that are controlling 10,000 different addresses,” he added.

Top 25 projects based on active users (daily). Source: Token Terminal

“The way they operate on-chain is that one single person can have 10,000 addresses or more, and then it would seem to the outside observer as if those were 10,000 different people,” Torres explained.

The phenomenon isn’t only present in small-scale ecosystems, Torres claimed — essentially all blockchain ecosystems see varying levels of the activity.

He found the average Ethereum user possesses at least 10 addresses, adding that “everything that happens on-chain is not what it seems.”

Ethereum Cumulative Unique Addresses. Source: YCharts

Torres noted there are legitimate reasons why a user would have multiple wallet addresses.

“One of them can be explained easily as ‘privacy concerns.’ People like to have different addresses just to not leave a big enough footprint out there,” he explained.

It could also be due to automated traders deploying multiple strategies on-chain.

“So when we see automatic trading on-chain, usually each address is very focused on a different protocol or different swap, or trading different coins or trading different coins using different strategies.”

However, it has also been used for malicious purposes such as inflating a project’s active user numbers to mislead potential investors, creating a Sybil attack also known as a 51% attack or users trying to game an upcoming token airdrop.

One example came from the anticipated Arbitrum (ARB) airdrop on March 23 which saw two wallets amass 2.7 million ARB from 1,496 wallets in a strategy known as “airdrop farming.” In contrast, the median airdrop size was only expected to be 1,250 ARB tokens, according to CoinMarketCap.

“On blockchain, it's very easy to control multiple public addresses,” Torres noted. 

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Torres explained unlike email addresses, creating and controlling multiple crypto wallets isn’t too complicated if you know what you’re doing.

Some use what is known as HD wallets — hierarchical deterministic wallets — which generate a new key pair from a master key pair. Simply put, it's a way to generate multiple public addresses via a master set of mnemonic words.

“It's very easy for one person to control multiple wallet addresses compared to [how], usually, people do not have more than a few emails,” he added.

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Google Chrome launches built-in user tracking for advertisers

Chrome’s Privacy Sandbox tracks users’ behavior within the browser instead of relying on third-party cookies.

Google Chrome launched its built-in tracking and ad-curation platform, “Privacy Sandbox,” on Sept. 7 for general availability, according to a company blog post. The platform was originally rolled out to a small percentage of users but is now available to around 97% of users. Google said the remaining 3% will be onboarded over the next few months.

Privacy experts have criticized the new tracking system. But in its announcement, Google defended it, stating that Privacy Sandbox needs to be implemented to eliminate third-party cookies and fingerprinting.

Over 80% of websites use Google’s Adsense service to generate ads on their pages, according to business analytics platform 6sense. To target ads to readers effectively, Adsense embeds cookies in the user’s browser. These cookies track users’ behavior as they browse from site to site, gathering data that can be used to determine what products they may be interested in buying. Because these cookies are produced by Google rather than the website being visited, they are often called “third-party cookies.”

Some competing ad platforms such as Microsoft Ads also use third-party cookies.

Privacy advocates have criticized the practice of embedding third-party cookies, and some users have sought ways to block them. Apple’s Safari, Mozilla’s Firefox and Brave’s Brave browser have all implemented blocks on third-party cookies by default. Chrome users can also choose to block these cookies through the settings menu.

In a January 2020 blog post, Google argued that browsers should not block third-party cookies by default until an alternative tracking system is created. “Some browsers have reacted to these concerns by blocking third-party cookies,” the post said, “but we believe this has unintended consequences that can negatively impact both users and the web ecosystem.” 

According to Google, blocking third-party cookies may lead to “[encouraging] the use of opaque techniques such as fingerprinting (an invasive workaround to replace cookies), which can actually reduce user privacy and control.”

The Sept. 7 announcement echoes these earlier statements, claiming:

“Without viable privacy-preserving alternatives to third-party cookies, such as the Privacy Sandbox, we risk reducing access to information for all users, and incentivizing invasive tactics such as fingerprinting.”

Google Chrome’s new Privacy Sandbox platform allows user data to be tracked within the browser itself. For this reason, Google believes it will enhance privacy, as it will do away with the need for third-party cookies. However, Google also emphasized that it will not start blocking third-party cookies by default until a later date.

Related: Google responds to accusations of ads tracking data of children

The Electronic Frontier Foundation, a digital privacy advocacy group, argued that an earlier version of the Privacy Sandbox did little to enhance privacy, as it continued to track users’ behavior, albeit within the browser instead of through cookies. According to the group, the Privacy Sandbox could be even more invasive than third-party cookies in some respects.

The new Chrome interface reveals that Privacy Sandbox can be turned off through three different settings within the “Ad privacy” menu.

Chrome Ad privacy settings. Source: Chrome browser for Android

Brave browser also implements a platform called “Brave Ads,” which tracks users’ behavior. This feature is turned off by default, and if users choose to opt in, they get paid in Basic Attention Token (BAT) for ads they view.

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How Web3 improves data storage: GhostDrive joins Cointelegraph Accelerator

FileCoin-based data storage app GhostDrive focuses on user experience and encryption features.

What would drive the next billion users to the blockchain ecosystem? Green price charts for related coins, or perhaps more acceptance from governments around the world? Both can help draw the masses’ attention to blockchain-based technologies. However, the real-world uses would generate enough interest for the average user to try out the technology — an app or a service that provides utility for the end-user.

Data storage is a crucial area plagued by centralized monopolies that take away user control and data ownership. According to a Fortune Business Insights report, the market was valued at $217 billion in 2022 and is expected to grow to over $777 billion by 2030. Large corporations have been able to dominate data storage effortlessly due to the lack of competition, causing a stagnation in data storage improvements for end users.

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The average user’s growing need to store and manage data, coupled with privacy concerns and the high costs associated with centralized platforms, enabled the growth of data storage powered by decentralized physical infrastructure networks (DePIN), including FileCoin and Arweave. DePINs provide easy scalability, enhanced security and data storage through a network of interconnected physical resources, such as servers and storage devices distributed across multiple locations. By utilizing DePINs, data storage services can offer their customers cheaper pricing options.

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In a world where most smartphones don’t have additional storage features while an average 4K video is holding about 1 GB of storage at minimum, it’s no surprise that Big Tech is pushing users toward cloud storage. Since both Google and Apple have cloud offerings for end users that provide native-level support for their respective devices, these centralized entities don’t see a reason to lower prices.

DePIN employs tokens to initiate the setup of physical infrastructure, subsequently fostering a network effect that enables the building of decentralized applications (DApps). Centralized solutions like Amazon S3 cost up to 121 times more than Filecoin. However, the price discrepancy doesn’t directly translate into new users, as these protocols are focused on the infrastructure and enterprise-grade solutions instead of the general public. So, while the costs are low, the lack of consumer-oriented applications restricts the proliferation of more use cases.

Web3 data storage

A new Web3 data storage platform called GhostDrive is putting the end user in focus instead. GhostDrive offers a user-friendly experience that feels intuitive for mainstream users coming from centralized alternatives like Google Drive. The choice between MetaMask wallet integration or traditional email registration is given to users to simplify their onboarding process from Web2.

Powered by InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) and Filecoin, the platform enables asset tokenization and secure data exchange. GhostDrive delivers various Web3-friendly features to enable decentralized data storage, sharing and access.

GhostDrive’s interface is intuitive and provides a familiar experience for users from centralized platforms. Source: GhostDrive

GhostDrive’s interface is intuitive and provides a familiar experience for users from centralized platforms. Source: GhostDrive

GhostDrive puts users’ concerns about data privacy and security at the forefront, as files uploaded to the platform go through a detailed encryption process before being transmitted and stored. Only authorized users are able to access and view these files by decrypting them. GhostDrive allows users to customize the encryption rules for each file uploaded, making collaborative projects easier to access but personal photos much harder to view.

The distribution of data security in Ghostdrive gives users more control over protecting their data. While the platform safeguards infrastructure, users secure their data, ensuring sensitive data remains confidential. This solution reduces user’s dependence on service providers while helping providers keep prices low by saving on security costs. Moreover, GhostDrive uses MultiSig technology, which provides multiple authorizations for pivotal data actions, bolstering security and fostering collaborative data management.

GhostDrive also enables on-the-fly file conversion and compression by allowing users to switch between various formats without external tools.

The Cointelegraph Accelerator program has now welcomed Ghostdrive to its list of participants. The program picked Ghostdrive for its potential to disrupt data storage and tokenization and become a point of onboarding new users to the Web3 ecosystem by providing a real-life use case. The Singapore-based company aims to become an all-in-one platform for data encryption, control and owners.

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ChatGPT web traffic drops for third consecutive month in August

Web traffic from users worldwide for OpenAI’s ChatGPT declined during the summer months, which could be linked to university-aged users out of school.

The popular artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot ChatGPT has seen a decrease in user traffic worldwide for the third consecutive month this August, according to data from analytics company Similarweb.

In August, desktop and mobile site traffic to OpenAI’s popular chatbot from visitors worldwide decreased by 3.2% to 1.43 billion. This follows a 10% drop in traffic two months prior. In addition, the amount of time spent on the site also dropped, though slightly, from 8.7 minutes to 7 minutes in August.

However, visits stemming from United States-based users began to increase in August by 0.4%. Unique visitors to the site, which slumped in June and July, rose by 3% in the U.S. and 0.3% worldwide in August.

Similarweb senior insights manager David F. Carr, who consistently tracks AI chatbots and authored the report, wrote that the fluctuation in users could be the result of students using the program having summer break and now resuming classes.

“Students seeking homework help appears to be part of the story: the percentage of younger users of the website dropped over the summer and is now starting to bounce back.”

This theory can be backed up by the drop in audience for the summer months of ChatGPT users in the 18–24 age range, both in the U.S. and worldwide.

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According to the data, in the 18–24 age bracket in the U.S., traffic dropped 10% in May, around the time U.S. universities finish their semester, 15% in June, and another 4% in July. At its peak in April, 18–24-year-old visitors made up 30% of the total audience share in the United States.

ChatGPT users in the 18–24 age bracket in the United States. Source: Similarweb
ChatGPT users in the 18–24 age bracket worldwide. Source: Similarweb

A separate survey from May 2023 by Intelligent.com surveyed 1,223 undergraduate and graduate students in the U.S. and found that 30% answered that they had used ChatGPT for schoolwork during the academic year.

It reported that of those, 46% “frequently” use the tool for homework, and 1 in 8 said they saw an increase in GPA, which could be traced to their usage of the AI chatbot.

At the moment, there are no overarching rules regarding AI usage in universities within the United States. However, in Japan, the Ministry of Education has already spoken out on its plans to allow limited use of generative AI tools in elementary, junior high and high schools.

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Worldcoin signs up over 9K users in Argentina in a single day despite criticism

The iris-scanning project saw a surge of signups in Argentina, registering an average of one user every nine seconds.

Human ID project Worldcoin signed up over 9,500 users in Argentina in a single day in August, setting a record for single-day signups. To achieve this feat, facilitators onboarded participants at an average rate of less than nine seconds per person, according to an Aug. 31 announcement from the project.

Argentina has Worldcoin facilitators in 38 different locations, according to the project’s website. Most locations are in the country’s capital city of Buenos Aires.

Worldcoin is a blockchain-based project that allows individuals to prove they're human by having their irises scanned. When a user verifies their humanness, they are given a “World ID” that can be integrated into future applications to prove they are not a bot or artificial intelligence program. The project was founded by OpenAI co-founder Sam Altman, who argued that human IDs would be needed in the future as artificial AI programs become more sophisticated and less distinguishable from humans.

Worldcoin launched on July 25 and almost immediately came under criticism from data privacy advocates. Critics claimed that it is too centralized and could easily leak users’ biometric data, leading to negative consequences for users.

In their Aug. 31 post, the team claimed that many Argentinians are signing up for World IDs anyway, despite the controversy. “There was a significant increase in demand for World ID verifications in countries around the world [after launch],” they stated. This “continued into August, which saw 9.5K Argentinians verify their World ID in a single day.”

The post also stated that the surge in signups caused the Worldcoin app to “temporarily become the number one app in Argentina on the App Store.”

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Worldcoin gives its native coin, WLD, to new users after they sign up. Currently, the signup bonus is 25 WLD, which is worth approximately 10,239.48 Argentinian Pesos (ARS) or $29.25 on the open market. According to cost-of-living data from travel website Expatistan, this is enough to buy two meals from the “basic lunchtime menu” in the business districts of major cities within Argentina. The coin hit an all-time high on launch day, when the 25 WLD bonus was worth approximately 23,791 ARS, or $68.

The project claims that it “is fully compliant with all laws and regulations governing biometric data collection and data transfer.” In response to criticism, the Argentinian government has opened an investigation of Worldcoin's privacy practices. Worldcoin has also been suspended in Kenya, and the Worldcoin team has responded with a document arguing that it has complied with all privacy laws in the country.

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Google updates service policies to comply with EU regulations

Google and other major platforms on the web will need to update their service policies in order to comply with EU standards in its Digital Services Act by Aug. 28.

Google plans to update some of its service policies in order to comply with the European Digital Services Act (DSA) according to a blog post on Aug. 24. 

The BigTech giant says it has made “significant investments” in various areas in order to comply with the European Union’s DSA’s specific requirements.

It plans to expand its Ads Transparency Center, expand reachers’ access to data, expand its transparency research, add more visibility for content moderation, create a new Transparency Center for its policies and conduct more in-depth risk analysis.

The post also expressed that Google has voiced concerns about the potential “unintended consequences of some of these measures:

“... such as the risk of making it easier for bad actors to abuse our services and spread harmful misinformation by providing too much information about our enforcement approach.”

The intention of the EU’s DSA was to consolidate content regulations across the region and form more specific processes for content moderation online. It also categorized 17 online platforms as very large online platforms (VLOPs) and 2 as very large online search engines (VLOSEs).

General requirements for sites in these categories include prevention and removal of illegal posts and a way to report them, targeted advertising being banned based on a user’s sexual orientation, religion, ethnicity or political beliefs, targeted ads to children being restricted and data sharing with researchers and authorities, among others. 

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The VLOPs included: Alibaba AliExpress, Amazon Store, Apple AppStore, Booking.com Facebook, Google Play, Google Maps, Google Shopping, Instagram, LinkedIn, Pinterest, Snapchat, TikTok, Twitter, YouTube and Wikipedia and Zalando.

The two VLOSEs it categorized were Bing Search and Google Search.

All the platforms mentioned in these categories had until Aug. 28 to meet the obligations of the DSA. Google called its updates “compliance at scale.”

TikTok, also mentioned by the DSA as a VLOP, also released a statement on Aug. 4 saying it also prepared for the measures. It added a new way to report illegal content, gave more information on its content moderation methods, made its recommendation system more transparent and updated its ad policy for teens. 

Users took to Reddit to discuss the upcoming implementation of the DSA. Some praised the regulations for being something that is “needed” to keep BigTech in line, while others said these policies limit free speech. 

In the middle ground, one user argued that it’s “too early to make a fair judgment.”

Despite these updates pointing towards a more safe internet, on Aug. 21 Google took to its blog to respond to accusations of ads tracking data of children, which were published in a lengthy report.

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FTX crypto exchange reports data breach involving claims agent Kroll

The breach has resulted in the exposure of non-sensitive customer data from specific claimants linked to the ongoing bankruptcy case.

Defunct crypto exchange FTX has announced a cybersecurity breach involving its bankruptcy case claims agent, Kroll, in which limited, non-sensitive customer data of specific claimants was exposed. FTX said it is actively overseeing the situation, assuring that account passwords, systems and funds remain unaffected.

The struggling crypto exchange utilized the X platform on Aug. 25 to notify its customers, creditors and the public about a cybersecurity breach involving its claims agent Kroll. The breach has resulted in the exposure of non-sensitive customer data from specific claimants linked to the ongoing bankruptcy case.

FTX has stated that Kroll is presently informing the individuals impacted by the cybersecurity event about the steps they can take for their protection. The crypto exchange in bankruptcy clarified that its account passwords and systems remain secure.

“The incident occurred at Kroll, and Kroll is notifying affected individuals directly with measures that customers can take to protect themselves. FTX account passwords were not maintained by Kroll, and FTX’s own systems were not affected.”

Furthermore, the FTX Debtors have initiated communication with Kroll and are diligently overseeing the unfolding situation. Kroll has informed the debtors that they have swiftly controlled and addressed the incident. Customers are advised to exercise vigilance against potential fraudulent and scam emails posing as entities involved in bankruptcy proceedings.

Meanwhile, blockchain investigator ZachXBT reported that FTX clients are already receiving fraudulent emails, and the personal information of customers has been compromised.

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Celsius Network, a crypto lending platform facing bankruptcy, experienced a data breach resulting in the exposure of their email records. This breach has had a notable impact on the ongoing bankruptcy reorganization process.

In the meantime, FTX has enlisted Galaxy Digital, led by Mike Novogratz, to assist in managing its selling, staking and hedging endeavors. This partnership aims to bolster FTX's efforts to mitigate risks linked to market volatility and optimize the returns from its Bitcoin holdings.

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Here’s what the latest Bitcoin price correction reveals

The latest episode of The Market Report analyses the recent Bitcoin price correction to $26,000 and what it reveals about the current market structure.

In the latest episode of Cointelegraph’s The Market Report, analyst Marcel Pechman delves into Bitcoin’s recent drop to $26,000. Derivatives market analysis shows Bitcoin (BTC) options and futures metrics lack signs of professional traders going bearish, and while that doesn’t guarantee a quick return to $29,000 support, it reduces the chances of an extended correction.

Pechman presents a Kaiko data chart on BTC liquidity and volatility, which significantly decreased since the FTX collapse in November 2022. And with no liquidity issues or heightened volatility indicated, did the 11.4% mid-August price drop worsen conditions due to the largest futures liquidations since November 2022?

Bitcoin futures premium settled at a neutral 6% after the recent $26,000 crash, signaling balanced demand between leveraged longs and shorts. This aligns with a neutral -7% to 7% BTC options skew, suggesting reasonable downside protection prices.

Reviewing another article, Pechman discusses macroeconomic analyst Lyn Alden’s take on a common currency proposal among BRICS nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa). Alden doesn’t see it succeeding — a view shared by Pechman. However, Alden notes a weakened United States dollar if BRICS use their own currencies for foreign trade, giving unconventional advice to crypto investors.

Listen to the full episode of The Market Report on the new Cointelegraph Markets & Research YouTube channel, and don’t forget to click “Like” and “Subscribe” to keep up-to-date with all our latest content.

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Hollywood studios offer new proposal for AI and data transparency to curb strike

The Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers released a memo of its offer to striking writers and actors, with proposed guidelines for AI usage and data transparency.

The Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers (AMPTP) released details of its proposal for striking actors and writers on Aug.22, which included standards for the entertainment industry surrounding the usage of artificial intelligence (AI) and data transparency. 

Under the proposed conditions, generative AI cannot be considered a writer. Therefore, any AI-created material cannot be regarded as literary or intellectually protected.

The proposal also ensures that material produced by generative AI cannot affect credit, rights and compensation. While companies can use generative AI-created scripts as source material, any writer who reworks the script will be compensated as if they are the original author.

Additionally, any studio or production company seeking a writer’s help in the development of an AI-produced script must disclose the origin of the script.

Initially, the proposal was released eleven days ago, on Aug. 11, but without significant information about important issues raised by the striking parties.

Related: US judge rules in favor of human ingenuity, denies copyright for AI art

Along with updates to AI-related matters, the proposal touches on data transparency issues. Before the proposal, writers rarely had access to metrics produced by their work.

The updated offer would allow viewership data to be made available to writers and presented in quarterly confidential reports. However, for the time being, it would only include subscription video on demand (SVOD) metrics — not advertising or transactional videos.

The AMPTP proposal suggested that:

“This increased transparency will enable the WGA to develop proposals to restructure the current SVOD residual regime in the future.”

The latest developments came on the 114th day of the strike and were the latest iterations of AI incorporation from Hollywood studios. 

On May 3, they rejected requests from the Writers Guild of America to ban AI completely from the writing room.

There were also proposals that suggested background performers should undergo scanning, receive compensation for the initial day of work and then grant companies ownership of the scan, image and likeness. This sparked a wave of backlash from entertainers in the industry.

Nonetheless, the signals of big production companies looking to incorporate AI are apparent. On July 27, Netflix posted AI job positions with exuberant salaries reaching up to $900,000.

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