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Bitcoin white paper turns 15 as Satoshi Nakamoto’s legacy lives on

“I’ve been working on a new electronic cash system that’s fully peer-to-peer, with no trusted third party,” Satoshi said in an Oct. 31 email in 2008.

Today marks 15 years since the pseudonymous creator of Bitcoin, Satoshi Nakamoto, shared the Bitcoin (BTC) white paper to a mailing list of cryptographers on Oct. 31, 2008 — a date also annually celebrated as Halloween.

“I’ve been working on a new electronic cash system that’s fully peer-to-peer, with no trusted third party,” Satoshi famously said in the opening sentence before linking the document titled: “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System.”

Satoshi’s email notifying other cypherpunks about his release of the Bitcoin Whitepaper. Source: Satoshi Nakamoto Institute

The whitepaper proposed a decentralized system that could facilitate peer-to-peer transactions which could solve the “double spending” problem often associated with digital currency. 

It proposed to achieve this via a network of nodes to validate and record transactions through a proof-of-work consensus mechanism, launching just two months later on Jan. 3, 2009.

How Bitcoin was brought to life

Satoshi’s computer science breakthrough came on the back of other impressive developments in the cryptography and e-money space.

The first reference cited in the Bitcoin whitepaper is Wei Dai’s invention of b-money, an electronic peer-to-peer cash system which never launched but nonetheless played a key role in Satoshi’s plans for Bitcoin.

Like Bitcoin, b-money proposed that participants of the system maintain a database of account balances, which keep track of the ownership of money. Transactions would be initiated and completed by a broadcast message to all participants, which would update the account balances of those involved in a specific transaction.

In many ways, it could be seen as a precursor to the nodes of Bitcoin’s protocol which keep a record of the constantly growing blockchain.

This process is one which requires proof-of-work — a form of cryptographic proof in which one party proves to others that a certain amount of a specific computational effort has been expended.

Satoshi implemented this into Bitcoin, citing Adam Back’s invention of Hashcash in 1997 which incorporated proof-of-work to limit e-mail spam and denial-of-service attacks.

Timestamps are another core property of Bitcoin which was successfully implemented by Satoshi.

Bitcoin’s timestamp server works by taking a hash — akin to a unique serial number — of a block of transactions and timestamping it towhen the block is added to Bitcoin’s blockchain.

The hashes cryptographically link one block to the next, ensuring integrity of Bitcoin data. Timestamps also prevent double spending on Bitcoin, making the network tamper-proof and immutable.

Satoshi cited work from Henri Massias, Scott Stornetta, Stuart Haber and Dave Bayer in implementing timestamping into Bitcoin’s protocol.

Meanwhile,Merkle trees were implemented into Bitcoin to verify transaction data through digital signatures. Satoshi cited Ralph Merkle’s work on developing public key cryptosystems.

Bitcoin advocate and cyperphunk Jameson Lopp previously told Cointelegraph that credit should be given to the preliminary projects which paved the way for Bitcoin.

However the genius in Satoshi was the puzzling of all these pieces into a fully functional system, said Lopp:

“There's no single piece of the puzzle that I think is more important than the others. Nakamoto's genius was not any of the individual components of Bitcoin, but rather the intricate way in which they fit together to breathe life into the system.”

What Bitcoin did

Bitcoin was at the time, one of the first inventions to use cryptography to successfully separate money from state. Satoshi’s invention enabled users to effectively bypass banks and financial institutions to transact with others, all around the world.

The first real-world transaction paid for in Bitcoin came from Laszlo Hanyecz in May 2010, who bought two pizzas for 10,000 Bitcoin.

Mainstream media highlighted Bitcoin’s increased use by criminals to launder funds, among other things in the early days, but that narrative has continued to change.

Ithas become an increasingly adopted around the globe. It was made legal tender in El Salvador in September 2021.

Financial institutions have also recently applied to offer spot Bitcoin exchange-traded funds (ETFs) in the United States, while others have launched their own Bitcoin ETFs in Europe.

Several developments have been implemented to help Bitcoin scale and bring more use cases to the network.

The Lightning network was launched in 2018 to increase Bitcoin’s transaction speed by taking computation off-chain.

Related: BlackRock’s Bitcoin ETF: How it works, its benefits and opportunities

Nonfungible token-like Ordinals were launched on Bitcoin in January, which was made possible by the Taproot soft fork in November 2021.

Bitcoin’s price has also been taken on a wild ride.

Starting out as cheap as a penny in 2009, BTC has endured several bull and bust cycles with its price volatility swinging as large as 88% in some instances.

Bitcoin’s price since April 2013. Source: CoinGecko.

BTC is currently priced at $34,350, down 50% from its all-time high price of $69,000 on Nov. 10, 2021.

Magazine: Gary Gensler’s job at risk, BlackRock’s first spot Bitcoin ETF and other news: Hodler’s Digest, June 11-17

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Satoshi Nakamoto’s Seminal Bitcoin White Paper Turns 14 Today

Satoshi Nakamoto’s Seminal Bitcoin White Paper Turns 14 TodayApproximately 14 years ago today, on Halloween, Satoshi Nakamoto introduced Bitcoin to the world by sharing the renowned white paper. Satoshi’s invention, shared on metzdowd.com’s Cryptography Mailing List, not only solved a problem that had plagued computer scientists for years, but the invention also redefined how people look at money. Furthermore, as a side effect, […]

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Bitcoin.com Games Invites you to Celebrate Halloween with a Magical Tournament

Bitcoin.com Games Invites you to Celebrate Halloween with a Magical TournamentIt’s Halloween! Play spookilicious casino games and celebrate this festival of hallowed magic with Bitcoin.com Games! Monsters😈 Bats🦇 Witches🧙 Vampires🧛 Our very own premium casino brand, Bitcoin.com Games, has launched the Halloween Magic Tournament where you can play horror-themed games and stand a chance to win cash prizes. The promotion features all sorts of magical […]

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Celebrating the Seminal Bitcoin White Paper Satoshi Nakamoto Published 13 Years Ago Today

Celebrating the Seminal Bitcoin White Paper Satoshi Nakamoto Published 13 Years Ago TodayAll around the world cryptocurrency supporters and proponents of blockchain technology are celebrating the 13th anniversary of the Bitcoin white paper. The summary of the inventor’s creation was published on metzdowd.com’s Cryptography Mailing List on Halloween 2008, as it gave birth to an asset with a market valuation of over $1 trillion and sparked the […]

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Trick or Treat: Will Halloween NFTs be hauntingly good or too spooky for crypto?

Halloween-inspired NFTs are gaining popularity this year, but will the trend continue over time and will they prove to be great investments?

Halloween is traditionally known for costumes, candy and trick or treating, but this year, the holiday is transitioning to the virtual world as the metaverse unfolds. As such, nonfungible tokens, or NFTs, are being created to showcase Halloween themes in hopes of attracting collectors looking for themed drops. 

Although Halloween-inspired NFTs appear to be a new concept, NFT artist Etsploit told Cointelegraph that Halloween holds a certain cultural importance that can't be dismissed: “I think people will collect NFTs for Halloween similar to that of NFT limited editions or releases of anything else.”

Given this sentiment, Etsploit launched the “Mango Heroes” project, which is a series of NFTs built on the Solana blockchain and inspired by the decentralized trading platform Mango Markets. Etsploit noted that 7,000 “Mango Heroes” will be available on Oct. 31, along with a special edition Halloween portion of the collection. “We will be giving away a Mango Hero reminiscent of Jason from the Halloween Movie series to a member of our Mango Heroes discord who has contributed the most to growing our community,” said Etsploit.

Source: Mango Heroes 

In addition to Mango Heroes, an NFT series created by NFTignition known as “Monster Bash” has launched just in time for Halloween 2021. Danielle Davis, founder of NFTignition, told Cointelegraph that the Monsters Bash collection features 10,000 NFTs based on classic monsters living on the Ethereum blockchain: “The collection features a series of generative art pieces that come in both a human and monster form. Your "hooman" state will transform into a monster before your very eyes.”

Davis shared that the goal behind Monster Bash is to pay homage to classic movie monsters such as vampires, mummies and werewolves. Like most NFT projects that appeal to collectors seeking specific themes, Davis explained that the Monster Bash selection aims to spark nostalgia in people upon viewing these creations.

Source: NFTignition

Another Halloween edition NFT has been launched by Uncanny Apes, a collection created by the Imperium token team featuring 5,999 “misfit” apes. J.B. Shaw, co-founder of Uncanny Apes, told Cointelegraph that the Uncanny Apes Halloween edition features a “ghostly team of spooky apes with their own different level of uniqueness.”

Shaw shared that Imperium token will kick off the launch with a limited release of 666 NFTs of the uncanny primates: “The Halloween Edition apes have a total of 25 different possible traits with five different categories (backgrounds, head attire, hairstyle, eyewear and facial expressions).”

Source: Uncanny Apes

While killer mangoes, transforming monsters and colorful apes are being launched by the crypto community, some celebrities and major brands have also created Halloween-inspired digital collectibles.

For example, American businesswoman and television personality Martha Stewart released a Halloween series of NFTs this month that are currently on display on Fresh Mint — Stewart’s own NFT website. According to sources, one of Stewart’s NFT collections features several of the Halloween costumes that the eclectic T.V. host has worn over the years. Others showcase a Roy Lichtenstein painting, a “black widow” and a “ghostly equestrienne.” Some of Stewart’s featured NFT drops also include work from the Brooklyn-based collective “Maniac Pumpkin Carvers.”

Staying true to the vast Martha Stewart brand, it’s also been noted that customers interested in these NFTs can bid on offerings like the “Custom Carved Pumpkin,” while also requesting specific designs to be created that are not NFTs. On Oct. 19, Stewart stated in an Instagram post that this is the first of many NFT collections she plans to release.

If Martha Stewart’s NFT collection wasn’t shockingly horrifying enough, it may come as a surprise that Spirit Halloween — North America’s largest Halloween retailer — is also showcasing an NFT collection this year. Spirit Halloween recently announced a partnership with Upland, a blockchain-based metaverse, that would allow the retailer to feature some of their most iconic costumes like Jack the Ripper within Upland’s virtual world.

Celebrating Halloween in the metaverse with NFTs

What’s arguably interesting about Spirit Halloween’s NFT collection is the utility behind it. For instance, the full launch of Spirit Halloween NFT bundles began on Oct. 25 and features Halloween-themed game pieces called “block explorers.” Following the launch, Spirit Halloween will take over the Upland metaverse with their NFT bundles consisting of in-game decorations, frightening block explorers and Upland “Legits,” which is a new generation of interactive NFTs.

According to Dirk Lueth, co-founder of Upland, Legits incorporate 3D designs that are optimized for a mobile experience. Lueth added that these new NFTs will offer an added layer of gamification that “die-hard Spirit Halloween fans will want to collect, trade and showcase, including an increased level of interactivity.”

Source: BEAR NFT

Decentraland, another blockchain-based metaverse, is also celebrating Halloween with NFTs by partnering with BEAR NFT and a number of other organizations to produce a Metaverse event called “NFTs are Dead.” The virtual gathering is scheduled to take place on Oct. 31 and will act as Decentraland’s official Halloween party and concert.

Ryan Kieffer, event producer and co-founder of BEAR NFT, told Cointelegraph that NFTs will play a large role, given that Decentraland’s virtual land is a nonfungible token. Kieffer added that NFT wearables will be airdropped to users during the event:

“Guests are invited to wear their best costume for photo opportunities, a costume contest and other fun surprises. Attendees should also keep a look out for a secret special VIP guest who will be wearing a 1/1 wearable and will reveal himself for those who stick around for the party’s grand finale.”

According to Kieffer, the purpose of such an event is to bring people together in the metaverse, which seems to be an ongoing theme post-COVID-19. In addition to virtual Halloween gatherings, Davis remarked that Monster Bash collectors are able to earn passive income through in-game tournaments. “There will be a pit against other monsters, with one reigning supreme each time! Each of the monsters has their own traits, allowing them to be better at some contests than others,” explained Davis.

Interestingly enough, virtual games leveraging NFTs may be one of the best applications for holiday-themed nonfungibles. Recent data from ​​the Worldwide Asset eXchange found that significant NFT growth has been driven by a surge in gaming activity, noting that over $1 million in NFT trading was generated on the platform just during the last month.

Will Halloween NFTs be a trick or an ongoing treat?

While Halloween-themed NFTs certainly seem to be in abundance this year, some may wonder if this will be an ongoing trend or just another opportunity to jump on board the NFT hype train while it’s hot.

Although it’s hard to predict the future of crypto, Kieffer believes that there is space for more Halloween-centric NFT releases, especially with wearables that can be used as costumes. To Kieffer’s point, a number of luxury fashion brands have also launched NFT collections to be worn virtually as the concept gains traction.

Related: Culture converges with blockchain as luxury fashion brands launch NFT collections

Echoing Kieffer, Etsploit commented that Halloween-themed NFTs could indeed gain traction after a few years “I think currently though, most people are looking for what is going to be the next long-term blue-chip project,” he noted. Shaw further remarked that the Halloween edition of Uncanny Ape may be too specific for the overall market, yet he believes that the primary line of Uncanny Apes will spark collector interest.

Davis further commented that although the Monster Bash collection was launched during the days leading up to Halloween, the collection isn’t specifically a Halloween project:

“We believe monsters are for every holiday, they are year-round spooky friends! Just because Halloween ends, that doesn't mean the functionality stops or the art gets worse. We think that though there will be an obvious holiday-specific correlation in the market, that won't stop our community from existing and growing.”

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