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Micro $3 Bitcoin miners won’t make bank, but that’s not the point: Inventors

Pocket-sized Bitcoin miners are a stand against the “secrecy and exclusivity” of the Bitcoin mining industry, according to their inventors.

While lacking in performance, micro Bitcoin mining devices should be seen as a stand against the Bitcoin ecosystem’s purportedly biggest flaw, its inventors argue.

Micro Bitcoin mining devices — often open-source and pocket-sized — have been serving a niche part of the market, offering buyers a fully assembled device or a do-it-yourself-kit to mine Bitcoin (BTC) solo.

Speaking to Cointelegraph, developers behind these kits admit that buyers won’t likely see much profit but argue that it’s important to fight the “secrecy and exclusivity” of the Bitcoin mining industry.

One company, BitMaker, recently claimed that one could be made for as little as $3, offering an output of 50 kilohashes per second.

BitMaker’s $3 50Kh/s portable miners. Source: BitMaker

A spokesperson from BitMaker — a company working on micro miners since as early as June 2022 — argued that all the well-known Bitcoin ASIC mining rigs are closed-source, very much unlike Bitcoin’s source code.

This has limited the manufacturing and supply of Bitcoin miners to commercialized entities, they said.

“The bitcoin mining machine is arguably the most important piece of hardware in the bitcoin ecosystem — and they are all made in complete secrecy.”

Data shows 35.4% of the Bitcoin hash rate comes from the United States, followed by Kazakhstan (18.1%), Russia (11.2%) and Canada (9.6%). U.S.-based Marathon Digital, Riot Blockchain and Singapore's Bitdeer Technologies Group are among the largest mining firms in the world.

Skot, a builder of Bitaxe miners, shared a similar sentiment, explaining to Cointelegraph that open-sourcing the design enables much-needed transparency in the industry.

“The mining industry has traditionally been treated in secrecy and exclusivity. The advent of these open-source projects serves to shed light on this often opaque area, making it more transparent and accessible to the public,” Skot explained.

A Bitaxe spokesperson said the engineers behind these projects are open-sourcing documents detailing how to make a hashboard and other mining equipment without needing to rely on large-scale manufacturers:

“This allows anyone who is interested to build their own miner, or multiple miners, thereby contributing, to some extent, to the decentralization of the system.”

Skot, however, acknowledged that buyers shouldn’t expect to earn much Bitcoin right away. He said while Bitaxe engineers are working to make the miners more efficient, he also argued that the purpose of the portable miners isn’t about profit:

“It's not necessarily about profit, it's about learning, understanding and in some cases being part of a community.”

Related: How Bitcoin mining is a model for modern industrial loads

Skot also stressed that the portable miners weren’t built to compete with the commercialized players in the space but rather offer an opportunity for people to run a rig at home without needing to pay for a clunky, overheated and expensive mining rig.

Other small form-factor Bitcoin miners in the market include Bitmain AntRouter and Mars Lander. Meanwhile, innovators are also experimenting with how Bitcoin can be mined via mobile phones.

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Polygon makes new sidechain developer stack opensource, supporting ZK-powered Layer 2s on Ethereum

Polygon’s Chain Development Kit allows developers to freely build, customize and deploy layer 2 chains connected to the wider Ethereum ecosystem.

The Ethereum (ETH) ecosystem could welcome a variety of new layer 2 (L2) protocols built on Polygon’s newly open sourced codebase Chain Development Kit, which harnesses zero-knowledge proof (ZK-proof) technology to ensure security and fast finality.

Jordi Baylina, technical lead of Polygon Hermez zkEVM, spoke to Cointelegraph exclusively about the new tool set which is publicly available on a Github repository:

“The motivating idea is simple: it should be easy and seamless for developers to launch a ZK-powered Layer 2 on Ethereum, tailored to the requirements of their project.”

Baylina added that a key aspect is that Polygon CDK enables automatic access to liquidity across all of Polygon’s chains as well as the wider Ethereum ecosystem, providing “on-demand scale, without fragmenting liquidity".

The Ethereum developer pointed to a number of different projects building CDK-powered chains across a variety of use cases, including from payment-specific L2s, DeFi, gaming, social-specific platforms, and creator or NFT platforms.

Related: Are ZK-proofs the answer to Bitcoin’s Ordinal and BRC-20 problem?

Baylina also highlighted the customizability of CDK for different appchains, featuring customizations for rollup or validium mode, zkEVM or another ZK-powered execution environment, various data availability solutions, native token and gas token customization, centralized or decentralized sequencer mode as well as permissioned networks with granular allowlists.

The importance of ZK-proof technology is another factor that Baylina stressed, highlighting Polygon Labs’ belief that zero-knowledge is the future of scaling Ethereum. As the Hermez zkEVM lead explains, chains launched with Polygon CDK are automatically connected to a shared ZK bridge and plugged into an “interop layer,” which is a cross-chain communication protocol.

“Suppose there are 1000s of chains in the Polygon ecosystem. It’s inefficient for each of these to submit their proofs directly to Ethereum. Instead, the interop layer will receive proofs from chains and submit a single ZK proof that proves the state of all Polygon chains.”

Baylina said the technology unlocks sub-minute cross-chain transactions and creates the perception of a single chain environment.

Cointelegraph also queried the key differences between CDK and other Ethereum ecosystem programming languages like Zk-proof pioneers StarkWare’s Cairo codebase.

Baylina explains that the architecture unlocked by Polygon CDK is different in that it enables automatic access to shared liquidity through a ZK bridge and interop layer of an L2 ecosystem secured by working ZK-proofs.

He finished by reaffirming the belief in ZK-proofs as the future of Ethereum scalability given its fast finality and withdrawal times, when compared to week-long delay by fraud proofs that feature in Optimistic rollup L2 solutions.

“ZK makes better bridges, but also secures chains by rigorous math, without a need for social-economic components required by fraud proofs.”

Cointelegraph previously explored the Ethereum layer 2 ecosystem, unpacking the basics of Ethereum rollups and the different approaches to scaling the smart contract blockchain.

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Meta launches community-licensed AI coding tool to the public

Code Llama is available for both personal and business use under the Llama2 community license agreement.

Meta AI announced the launch of ‘Code Llama,’ a community-licensed artificial intelligence (AI) coding tool built on the Llama2 large language model (LLM), on Aug. 24.

The new tool is a fine-tuned version of LLama2 that’s been trained specifically for the purpose of generating and discussing computer code.

According to a blog post from Meta, Code Llama is split into several variants with one model fine-tuned for general coding in a number of languages (including Python, C++, Java, PHP, Typescript, C#, Bash and more).

Other models include Code Llama Python and Code Llama Instruct. The former is fine-tuned for Python applications. As Meta puts it, this is to further support the AI community:

“Because Python is the most benchmarked language for code generation — and because Python and PyTorch play an important role in the AI community — we believe a specialized model provides additional utility.”

According to Meta, the emphasis in these first two model variants is on understanding, explaining, and discussing code.

Code Llama Instruct, however, is the fine-tuned version of Code Llama that Meta recommends for actually generating code. According to the blog post, it's been engineered specifically to generate “helpful and safe answers in natural language."

The models are also available in different parameter sizes in order to operate in different environments. Code Llama comes in 7-billion, 14-billion, and 34-billion parameter sizes, each with different functionality.

Meta says the 7B models, for example, can run on a single GPU. While the 14B and 34B models would require more substantial hardware, they’re also capable of more complex tasks — especially those requiring low-latency feedback such as real-time processes.

Code Llama is generally available under the same community license agreement as Llama2, meaning it can be used for personal or business use with proper attribution.

This could be a massive boon for businesses and individuals who have a high need use-case for LLM models for coding purposes, such as fintech institutions that are traditionally underserved by the AI and big tech communities.

Web3 innovators, trading bot developers, and cryptocurrency exchanges all operate in a constantly-shifting environment that, to date, has seen relatively little in the way of dedicated B2B or B2C solutions for day-to-day crypto and blockchain coding problems from big tech.

Related: Naver Corp unveils South Korea’s answer to ChatGPT and generative AI

Dedicated coding tools, such as GitHub’s Co-Pilot (built with ChatGPT technology) can go a long way towards aiding developers in these underserved areas, but the costs of use can be prohibitive for some users and the lack of open-source options can pose problems for proprietary software developers.

The existence of a free-to-use, community-licensed alternative based on Meta’s highly-touted Llama2 LLM could help level the playing field for blockchain and crypto projects with small development teams.

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UK Law Commission report challenges Craig Wright’s suit against Bitcoin developers

A report published by the UK Law Commission bolsters Bitcoin core developers' defense that they are not liable for 111,000 BTC taken by hackers.

A recent report released by the United Kingdom Law Commission could weaken a central argument brought by Craig Wright in his controversial lawsuit against 12 Bitcoin core developers, argues the Bitcoin Legal Defense Fund (BLDF).

In a 300-page report on digital assets published in late June, the UK Law Commission — an independent body that reviews and recommends reforms to UK and Whales' laws — cited a classification of fiduciary duty that bolsters the developers' defense that they are not directly responsible for 111,000 Bitcoin (BTC) lost to hackers.

Wright, owner of Tulip Trading, claimed in a 2021 lawsuit that developers involved in the open-source development of Bitcoin Core owed him a fiduciary duty in connection with his loss. In order to recover the allegedly stolen funds, Wright is seeking a backdoor into the Bitcoin Core blockchain. Wright is also known for claiming he is Bitcoin’s pseudonymous creator Satoshi Nakamoto.

The U.K. report sheds light on the definition of fiduciary duty, claiming that categories of fiduciary recognized by the law include "agents, trustees, partners, company directors, and solicitors." The report said fiduciary duty rarely exists outside these categories. According to the BLDF, the developers' legal representative, the defendants do not fit in any criteria mentioned by the Commission.

"They are not agents, trustees, partners, company directors, or solicitors, and they never 'undertook or were entrusted with authority to manage the property or make discretionary decisions on behalf of another person',” BLDF stated in a recent blog post, adding that "Bitcoin was created to facilitate transactions between individuals without the need to entrust any authority to a third party."

According to a definition by the University of Texas, fiduciary duty is the "legal responsibility to act solely in the best interest of another party." Common examples of fiduciary duties include undivided loyalty, due diligence, full disclosure of conflicts of interest, and confidentiality.

The Tulip Trading suit could set a case law for open-source developers' liability for assets, with a trial in the case expected to occur in 2024. During the Bitcoin 2023 conference in May, Jessica Jonas, BLDF's chief legal officer, noted that potential legal ramifications of the lawsuit could deeply affect the community of open-source developers, as 97% of the world's software programs are open-sourced.

The UK Law Commission report also pushed for the creation of a new and distinct category of personal property to accommodate the unique features of digital assets.

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Meta’s Zuckerberg grilled by senators over ‘leak’ of LLaMA AI model

The senators weren’t happy with the “seemingly minimal” protections to fight against fraud and cybercrime in Meta’s AI model.

Two United States senators have questioned Meta chief executive Mark Zuckerberg over the tech giant’s “leaked” artificial intelligence model, LLaMA, which they claim is potentially “dangerous” and could be used for “criminal tasks.”

In a June 6 letter, U.S. Senators Richard Blumenthal and Josh Hawley criticized Zuckerberg’s decision to open source LLaMA, claiming there were “seemingly minimal” protections in Meta’s “unrestrained and permissive” release of the AI model.

While the senators acknowledged the benefits of open-source software they concluded Meta’s “lack of thorough, public consideration of the ramifications of its foreseeable widespread dissemination” was ultimately a “disservice to the public.”

LLaMA was initially given a limited online release to researchers but was leaked in full by a user from the image board site 4chan in late February, with the senators writing:

“Within days of the announcement, the full model appeared on BitTorrent, making it available to anyone, anywhere in the world, without monitoring or oversight.”

Blumenthal and Hawley said they expect LLaMA to be easily adopted by spammers and those who engage in cybercrime to facilitate fraud and other “obscene material.”

The two contrasted the differences between OpenAI’s ChatGPT-4 and Google’s Bard — two close source models — with LLaMA to highlight how easily the latter can generate abusive material:

“When asked to ‘write a note pretending to be someone’s son asking for money to get out of a difficult situation,' OpenAI’s ChatGPT will deny the request based on its ethical guidelines. In contrast, LLaMA will produce the letter requested, as well as other answers involving self-harm, crime, and antisemitism.”

While ChatGPT is programmed to deny certain requests, users have been able to “jailbreak” the model and have it generate responses it normally wouldn’t.

In the letter, the senators asked Zuckerberg whether any risk assessments were conducted prior to LLaMA’s release, what Meta has done to prevent or mitigate damage since its release and when Meta utilizes its user’s personal data for AI research, among other requests.

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OpenAI is reportedly working on an open-source AI model amid increased pressure from the advancements made by other open-source models. Such advancements were highlighted in a leaked document written by a senior software engineer at Google.

Open-sourcing the code for an AI model enables others to modify the model to serve a particular purpose and also allows other developers to make contributions of their own.

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Ledger key recovery service paused amid backlash, will open-source code

Ledger CEO Pascal Gauthier says the past week has been a “humbling experience” and apologized for the firm’s “miscommunication.”

Hardware wallet company Ledger is postponing the launch of Ledger Recover following an intense week of criticism from the crypto community.

In a May 23 Twitter Spaces joined by over 13,000 users, Ledger chairman and CEO Pascal Gauthier said it has been a “humbling experience” and a hard lesson in communication:

“This experience has been very humbling. We miscommunicated on the launch of this product; it was not our intention to take people by surprise. So because of that, we understand the community’s direction and apologize for the miscommunication.”

Gauthier revealed that in response to concerns, the firm would be accelerating its plans to open-source more of its codebase. It will start with core components of its operating system and Ledger Recover, which he stated: “won’t be released until this work is complete.”

Screenshot of tweet from Pascal Gauthier as part of a thread discussing their new plans. Source: Twitter

Charles Guillemet, the chief technology officer of Ledger, said that over the coming days, a white paper on the Recover Protocol would become open source along with technical blog posts to “explain the principles of Recover” and more detailed explanations of how the process works. 

“It's going to be very easy and clear for every single cryptography and security expert to have a look at the protocol to get more guarantees and understand how it works.”

Guillemet noted this would also allow developers to build their own backup provider for the seed phrase shards rather than using the one offered by Ledger.

“This has always been something important for Ledger, but this recent event showed how important it is for the community and this is why we decided to prioritize this open-sourcing process,” he added.

Ledger recently told Cointelegraph that it would “continue to open source more and more of our code until we reach a similar level as the Raspberry Pi.”

Related: Crypto community reacts to Ledger wallet’s secret recovery phrase service

Ledger found itself in a PR nightmare after revealing plans on May 16 to introduce a key recovery tool called Ledger Recover. The firmware update would allow users that lost their private seed phrase to get it back via an optional feature.

The firm faced backlash from some members of the crypto community who believed that this would add a “backdoor” for a user’s private keys to be removed from the device.

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Bitcoin defense lawyer says Craig Wright lawsuit could harm open source software

The Bitcoin Defense Legal Fund’s chief legal officer spoke out against an “extraordinarily dangerous” lawsuit initiated by Craig Wright, a person who claims to be Bitcoin creator Satoshi Nakamoto.

Jessica Jonas, chief legal officer of the nonprofit Bitcoin Legal Defense Fund, discussed the potential legal ramifications of a high profile lawsuit against Bitcoin core developers during the Bitcoin 2023 event in Miami on May 18.

The case in question is a UK legal action filed by Craig Wright, the owner/operator of Tulip Trading. Wright’s perhaps most well-known for his assertion that he is Bitcoin creator Satoshi Nakamoto — a claim driving another unrelated lawsuit.

In the case between Tulip Trading and 14 named individuals allegedly involved in the open source development of Bitcoin Core, and others, Wright alleges that the said developers owe him a fiduciary duty. Jonas described the case as being about “an allegation that Tulip Trading owned, allegedly, 111,000 Bitcoin and was hacked, allegedly, and lost that 111,000 Bitcoin in some very Ocean’s 11 style hack.”

In order to obtain compensation for the alleged loss, Wright is demanding, per Jonas, that Bitcoin developers “create a backdoor into the Bitcoin core blockchain such that Tulip Trading can recover the funds it allegedly lost,” a remedy Jonas asserts that can’t be implemented:

“They are asking the court to order that this group of software developers write a patch into the software that diverts funds. That’s not how Bitcoin works. It’s impossible.”

Jonas explained that implementing such a change would require hard forking the Bitcoin blockchain and then expecting everyone in the world to shift to the new fork instead of continuing to use the existing core chain. Describing the area of law surrounding fiduciary duty as “complicated,” Jonas went on to describe the lawsuit as extraordinarily dangerous for reasons beyond technical limitations.

“This case has actually already gone through an appeal and the appellate court found that the question of whether open source developers should owe a fiduciary duty to people who use their code is an important one,” claimed Jonas. Furthermore, Jonas described the potential threat to the open source community as “existential.” “Open source software makes up 97% of the world's software," she said. 

Related: 7 people who could be (or not) Bitcoin creator Satoshi Nakamoto

Jonas also framed the case as a matter of free speech. Despite the fact that many of the defendants named in the suit are U.S. citizens operating in the U.S., the case is being tried in the UK per the appellate court’s decision that it held jurisdiction due to the potential outcome being in the public interest in that country.

According to Jonas, software development is considered free speech in the U.S. and, per her assessment, “Tulip Trading is acting in a UK court in a civil action to compel many Americans to speak.” While the UK court can’t necessarily enforce free speech laws in the U.S., Jonas pushed back against the idea that it would be far-fetched for the court to rule in Wright’s favor.

Bitcoin open source development is under MIT’s open source license. Because open-source software is generally available to anyone, anywhere, assigning fiduciary duty to developers could lead to a situation where someone in one country is liable for damages to someone in another simply because they contributed to an open source project. Current law, explained Jonas, is meant to protect open source developers from being sued by strangers:

“They are volunteering their time to work on public infrastructure. They’re doing it for free. They’re doing it under MIT license, which is supposed to protect them from things like this.”

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Google engineer concerned about open-source AI gaining edge

A leaked document from a senior software engineer sounds the alarm about Google’s artificial intelligence development.

According to a critique written by a senior software engineer at Google, the company’s artificial intelligence (AI) development is threatened by the open-source community. The engineer contends that independent researchers in open-source technology are making swift and unforeseen strides in AI technology. 

In early April, software engineer Luke Sernau published a document on an internal system. The document was subsequently shared extensively among Google employees over the next few weeks. A source, who requested anonymity as they were not permitted to discuss internal company affairs, claimed that the document had been circulated thousands of times. On Thursday, the document was published by consulting firm SemiAnalysis and began to circulate in Silicon Valley.

According to Sernau’s assessment, Google’s competition with OpenAI had diverted attention from the swift progress in open-source technology. In his document, Sernau wrote that Google had focused excessively on keeping tabs on OpenAI’s progress. While both companies struggled to outperform each other, open-source technology had quietly advanced, surpassing Google and OpenAI in the AI race.

Google is known for investing in futuristic technologies, and its labs have played a significant role in developing the current AI-powered chatbots. However, OpenAI has emerged as a frontrunner in generative AI, which involves software that can create its own images, text and videos. OpenAI’s ChatGPT was launched in November 2022 and quickly gained popularity. Its sudden success has left Google sprinting to catch up in a key technology subfield.

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However, Sernau argued that open-source communities pose a real threat to Google, as engineers are developing models rivaling the quality of those at Big Tech companies at a faster pace and lower cost. According to him, these models are more customizable, faster and more useful than Google’s own models. He also worried that clients might not be willing to pay for high-quality technology when it is available for free in open-source communities.

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Fight between crypto and governments “just getting started”, says ShapeShift CEO

The crypto industry needs to prepare for increasing government pressure as it ramps up its challenge to the State monopoly over money, says ShapeShift CEO Erik Voorhees.

Despite the unprecedented regulatory pressure that crypto has been facing recently in the United States, the fight between the American government and the crypto industry has just started, believes ShapeShift CEO Erik Voorhees. 

According to the entrepreneur, U.S. authorities still don’t see crypto as an existential threat to the fiat system, and their recent crackdown is just an opportunistic reaction to last year's blowups of fraudulent crypto companies. 

“They see it as sort of this scammy area where they can come in and look like the hero for cleaning up a mess,” Voorhees said in an exclusive interview with Cointelegraph.

According to Voorhees, crypto needs to become mainstream before governments move against it fully. At that point, “it will be too late” for government actors to crack down on crypto since too many people will be aware of its value and utility.

Voorhees has no doubt that crypto will ultimately win the battle for the hearts and minds of people in part because it is free from the restrictions on capital flow that are present in traditional finance systems.

“Capital goes where friction is least [...]. In the crypto world, capital moves freely, it moves effortlessly," he pointed out.

Watch the full interview on our YouTube channel and don’t forget to subscribe!

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Hidden Treasure: Every Modern Copy of macOS Contains a Copy of Bitcoin’s White Paper

Hidden Treasure: Every Modern Copy of macOS Contains a Copy of Bitcoin’s White PaperOn April 5, 2023, the independent blogger Andy Baio published a post on his Waxy Blog that explained every version of macOS from Mojave 10.14.0 to the current version hosts a copy of Satoshi Nakamoto’s seminal Bitcoin white paper. Mac users can type a simple command in the terminal, and all nine pages describing Nakamoto’s […]

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