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Our Man In Shanghai

Shanghai Man: China declares victory over crypto — Is this the end of the crackdown?

This weekly roundup of news from Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong attempts to curate the industrys most important news, including influential projects, changes in the regulatory landscape, and enterprise blockchain integrations.

Victory for the regulators

After a tumultuous summer of crackdowns, the Chinese regulators are declaring their victory in eliminating illegal cryptocurrency trading activities in the country. This revelation came in the outlook section of the “China Financial Stability Report 2021” released by the People’s Bank of China on September 3.

In the section titled Major Achievements in the Battle to Prevent and Defuse Major Financial Risks, it emphasizes that regulatory work in internet asset management, equity-based crowdfunding, internet insurance, virtual currency trading, online foreign exchange trading, and other areas has been basically completed.

The lengthy report from the PBOC declares victory on the crackdown on digital assets. Source: http://www.pbc.gov.cn/goutongjiaoliu/113456/113469/4332768/2021090315580868236.pdf

While this might sound like a giant negative for the industry, most projects and companies in China are now breathing a sigh of relief. The end of the crackdown means that companies can have a little more breathing room to operate without fear of legal action.

Chinas public blockchain industry, or whats left of it, will no longer have to exist in the shadows. Theres also hope that upcoming editions of Shanghai Mans columns will feature more discussion about development and innovation, and less about crackdowns.

 

 

Most of the damage from regulators impacted the mining space, although exchanges and brokers are definitely shifting away from China long-term. Players like ByBit and Amber have already announced they dont accept Chinese users, which might be a trend going forward if the risks of doing business in China dont balance out with the rewards. Bigger players like Binance and FTX will have much bigger decisions to make, but at the moment, arent shying away from onboarding and servicing Chinese users.

From Sichuan to San Antonio

After winding down operations in China, many large mining companies began seeking greener pastures overseas. Since Texas governor Greg Abbot tweeted that Texas would become a crypto leader, many cryptocurrency mining companies have moved to the Lone Star state in search of regulatory stability.

 

 

Bitmain, the largest mining manufacturer in the world, has a facility in Rockdale, Texas. Rockdale is a town with less than 6,000 people, a far cry from the 21 million people that populate its home in Beijing. Incidentally, Bitmain is also deploying $62 million worth of hardware into the state of Georgia.

 

 

File:U.S. Route 79 is main street of Rockdale, TX IMG 2255.JPG - Wikimedia Commons
This quiet town in Texas is now home to a large Bitcoin mining facility. (Source: Wikimedia Commons)

 

Shenzhen-based BIT Mining is pumping in $26 million to build a data center in Texas as well. It joins BlockCap, Riot Blockchain, and other mining companies already in the area. All these businesses will be buoyed by the news that state legislators have signed Texas House Bills 4474 and 1576, legalizing cryptocurrencies under commercial laws.

Texas is now the fourth US state to recognize the status of digital assets, giving investors and companies clarity that is sorely lacking in China. Just this summer alone, different regulatory bodies within China have flip-flopped on the legal status of cryptocurrencies. This is causing a weakening belief in the sustainability of the Chinese market and should push even more companies abroad.

One country, two regulators

An executive for Hong Kongs Securities and Futures Commission believes the recent number of fraud cases points to a need for stricter regulation. The special administrative region has a much looser policy towards digital assets, allowing exchanges like FTX, Bitfinex, and other Fintech companies to set up shop.

Hong Kong has always been seen as a bridge between corporations and the robust Chinese market, although in recent years, that dynamic is starting to reverse. With tighter rules and higher uncertainty in Hong Kong, Singapore is enjoying a lot more growth in the cryptocurrency space, with a number of high-profile industry players taking up residency there.

Non-fungible trends

The overall trend of NFTs hasnt been lost on the Chinese market. OKExChain launched its OKExNFT marketplace on September 2, joining the likes of Binance and FTX who have already launched similar platforms.

While not possessed with the most creative naming team, it does house a number of Loot-lookalike NFTs known as Root, aimed at grabbing the NFT and GameFi market. Chinas gaming and trading markets, in the past, have been very active, making this a logical move. Whether OKExChain can match the success of other exchange sidechains remains to be seen.

Steph Currys decision to join FTX as an ambassador received mixed reviews as some pointed out that the NBA star, known in China for his playful personality, had matured into a master of business.

 

OKExNFT Marketplace launched this week, with a small GameFi offering.

 

 

 

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Shanghai Man: Billionaire buys CryptoPunks, Arbitrum finds traction, markets ignore warnings

This weekly roundup of news from Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong attempts to curate the industrys most important news, including influential projects, changes in the regulatory landscape, and enterprise blockchain integrations.

There are a lot of narratives to keep an eye on as China enjoyed a relatively quiet week on the regulatory front and markets rebounded. Layer-two networks continued to make headlines with their large war chests of funds to invest. Avalanche and Arbitrum are two networks that have growing awareness in China. Both were in the news this week with Avalanches $180 million fund being announced and Arbitrums launch on September 1.

MCDex, one of the more active DeFi applications in China, took an early first step by launching its mainnet on Arbitrums layer-two. MCDex launched on-chain BTC/USDC and ETH/USDC perpetual swaps, one of the first projects to take advantage of Arbitrums speed and scalability. MCDex and a few other Chinese DeFi projects have been betting big on Arbitrums development, having deployed on the Arbitrum testnet earlier this spring.

Traders who wish to use the current phase one deployment on Arbitrum can apply to have their address whitelisted. Many of the trading firms in Asia will probably be studying the liquidity mining rewards carefully, especially after the popularity of token-incentivized trading on dYdX.

Punks in Asia

A physical NFT art gallery in Hong Kong will be the new home for two CryptoPunks, purchased last week for a total of 218 ETH, or around $700,000 dollars. The art gallery is slated to open on September 5 and will now feature Crypto Punk #8236 and #1970. Its rumored that the purchaser of CryptoPunk #8236 is Mike Cai, billionaire founder of popular selfie app Meitu.

Cais Meitu is well known in the Asian cryptocurrency community after it announced earlier this year that it purchased around $40 million worth of BTC and ETH. With Meitu, Cai successfully recognized the strength of the trend for young adults to use beauty filters with animated animal ears. This is an encouraging sign for people who hope that Cai sees a similar mainstream future for CryptoPunks.

 

Punk #1970 is now owned and displayed in the Start-Art NFT Gallery in Hong Kong

 

A third Punk was also reportedly purchased by the Chinese meme community behind Losercoin, or LOWB. According to reports, the community purchased CryptoPunk #7326 for 79 ETH.

BSN breaking new turf

Korean blockchain firm MetaverseSociety was announced as a new portal operator for the Blockchain Service Network. This looks to be a third portal following the establishment of the domestic Chinese portal and the global version. The domestic portal is able to work closely with state owned companies and organizations, while the global portal works with more blockchain projects in a looser regulatory framework.

This new Korean portal could introduce Chinese companies to the growing community of Korean developers and users. The Blockchain Service Network is a joint initiative between Red Date Technology, the National Information Center, China Mobile, and China UnionPay.

 

 

Like a good neighbor, eCNY is there

The Bank of Communications and China Construction Bank are exploring new use cases with fund managers to allow users to pay for insurance with the digital yuan. This is yet another use case that is being driven by the top down financial system, posing a serious competitor to private payment processors like Alipay and WeChat Pay.

According to the report, China Construction Bank has already opened up a total of 8.42 million eCNY wallets for both individual users and institutional clients, making China a clear leader in CBDC adoption.

Blockchain meets TradFi

Chinese regulators, including the Securities Association of China and the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC), met in the nations capital to discuss how blockchain could be used to digitally transform the TradFi industry.

According to the announcement, the Science and Technology Bureau will look to build a two-tier structure: an asset layer and a business layer for smart contracts and supply chain. The government has continued to push for blockchain applications where it provides so-called ‘real economic value’, such as in existing industrial sectors.

In case you forgot

As much as I wanted to end this column on a high note, it wouldn’t be right to not include the inevitable reminders from local authorities about the dangers of cryptocurrency investing. On August 27, the Peoples Bank of China put out a notice that:

“We once again remind the general public that bitcoin and other virtual currencies are not legal tender and have no real value to support them.”

Yin Youping, deputy director of the People’s Bank of China’s Consumer Protection Bureau, said on August 27 that transactions related to virtual currencies are purely investment speculation, and the public should be more aware of risks and stay away from them to protect their “wallets”. The markets barely reacted to the news, showing that more and more influence is shifting away from governments in the region.

 

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Shanghai Man: Ready Player Cats DAO, surging NFT interest, court rules crypto is not property

This weekly roundup of news from Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong attempts to curate the industrys most important news, including influential projects, changes in the regulatory landscape, and enterprise blockchain integrations.

After enforcing global KYC requirements for all users, Binance’s dominance in CeFi has slipped from about two-thirds to just over one half, according to the FTX volume monitor. The big three of Huobi, Binance and OKEx now look like a big five, with Hong-Kong based FTX and Singapore based Bybit closing the gap.

The global NFT fever seems to be intensifying in a week that saw Visa make headlines with its $150,000 purchase of CryptoPunk 7610. Chinese netizens on Weibo were unsurprisingly baffled, with comments asking what can be done with it after purchase, while others made jokes about whether or not a Punk had any artistic value. Since late June, daily searches for ‘NFT’ are now measuring between 2.5 million and 4 million, showing a growing interest in the asset class.


Related:
Shanghai Special: Crypto crackdown fallout and what happens next

Owning Bitcoin isn’t banned, but many fear for the future of regulations in China. Here’s a look at where we stand and where we might be headed.

 

Meet the MAODAO

The MAODAO is one of the first NFT communities to spring up in Asia, with a focus currently on China. Its based around play-to-earn gaming, with the DAO sponsoring players in the Axie Infinity world by providing assets upfront, and then returning a portion of the proceeds back to the DAO treasury. The DAO uses NFT cats used as both a collectible and a governance token. These Ready Player Cats, or RPCs for short, are 3000 NFT cat tokens that were minted on August 22nd for 0.08 ETH. The colorful cartoon cats now have a price floor of near 0.4 ETH.

 

 

The colorful cats are selling for over $1,500 on OpenSea.

 

Speaking to the founder who goes by the name of Matt Mao, we learned that a lot of inspiration had come from another famous NFT project, Bored Yacht Ape Club.

“Our most prominent characteristic may be our Eastern roots. In fact, our first minting event was mostly done by early supporters of the Asian NFT and crypto community. Maybe everyone’s enthusiasm stemmed from the lack of a symbolic NFT project in the Eastern community and gave some recognition to us.”

 

Mao is planning to leverage the abundant resources the crypto community has to grow and raise awareness, strengthening the exchange between Western and Eastern NFT communities. The outfit is planning cooperations with other artists and projects to increase rewards for the MAODAO and its members.

 

 

The organization shows off its eastern heritage with vivid colors and illustrations. Source: maonft.com

 

Alls well that ends well?

After a long and dramatic journey, the dramatic Poly Network hacker returned the rest of the funds to the cross-chain bridge. The hacker had exploited a bug in the code to lift over $610 million in Ethereum and other cryptocurrencies, before leading the cryptocurrency space on a wild ride that included failed attempts to avert a blacklist, sending funds to Vitalik Buterin, and an AMA via the blockchain. Poly Network, which is a project incubated by Neos O3 labs, will be glad to have their users funds back, although it remains to be seen if the project can continue now that so much trust has been eroded.

Objection overruled!

A high court from the Northeast province of Shandong set a precedent when it ruled that a plaintiffs cryptocurrency had no legal status in China. The plaintiff in the case had lost around $10,000 dollars worth of tokens when a Peoples Bank of China ruling back in 2017 had ordered exchanges to close. The plaintiff had lost access to his account and was hoping to get the value of the tokens back on the grounds of fraud. Its unknown whether the judge had reminded the plaintiff at the conclusion of the case that if its not your keys, not your crypto.

This contradicts a ruling from earlier this month in a district court of Shanghai, that ruled Bitcoin was a property protected by Chinese law.

 

 

The lack of clarity and consensus on the issue is slightly unusual for China, where top-down leadership can usually set clear directives to follow. Its possible that with the governments emphasis on blockchain development, emerging tech, and upcoming central bank digital currency, the government is hesitant to put a blanket ban on digital assets.

Heading West for summer

Bitcoin and Ethereum miners appear to be completing their migrations abroad following the strict regulation against them earlier this summer. This is based on the hash rate data recovering to around 66.7% of its pre-regulation peak in May. During the summer, most of the large mining companies have been closing down operations and shipping hardware to other countries, including Kazakhstan, Bangladesh, and the US. This rebound signifies that the mining industry and the network as a whole has emerged from another major threat. Now that the network has moved away from being so centralized within China, it should become more appealing to risk averse investors.

 

 

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Shanghai Man: Hack of little-known Poly Network highlights East-West crypto divide

This weekly roundup of news from Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong attempts to curate the industrys most important news, including influential projects, changes in the regulatory landscape, and enterprise blockchain integrations.

After ThorCHAIN and Chainswap were exploited, its safe to say that hacking cross-chain bridges seems to be the style of the season. This week, it was local project Poly Network that was fleeced of $615 million before leading the crypto community on a dramatic witch hunt to track down the attacker. While most news outlets have covered this story extensively, there are still a few points worth dissecting.

Who are these projects?

The first point is that most western DeFi users had never heard of Poly Network despite them amassing over $600 million in total value locked. Dovey Wan of Primitive Capital covered this on Twitter when she noted that the, Chinese crypto community always have their own version to utilize the same blockchain infra, for good and for bad, most are unseen and lack of accessibility to westerners.

 

 

So why are Chinese projects flying so far under the radar? The first reason might be a cultural and language barrier as Chinese marketing teams struggle to integrate into the fast-moving and esoteric world of Crypto Twitter.

Instead of trying to win over global communities, they focus on integrations that can bring users over directly.

According to SimilarWeb, Poly Network attracted over 58% of its web traffic from third-party website referrals, with Chinese DApps OpenOcean, O3 Swap, and Wing Finance at the top of the list. By contrast, Compound Finance receives more than half of its visits from direct hits, with only 16% coming via third-party websites.

Compounds two main websites for referrals are CoinMarketCap and CoinGecko. This shows that the difference in how Chinese and international users behave is quite tangible and that to capture both audiences requires two very distinct strategies.

 

 

A DeFi island: Chinese dApps and websites are the major onramps for users to Poly Network. Source: Similarweb

Untangling the web

Another more taboo talking point is that many of these large Chinese DeFi projects have ties to other projects. Poly Network has ties to the O3 network, which itself is incubated by Neo. The extent to which Neo is involved is indistinct but it explains why its rare to see Poly Network founders marketing in public. These founders are often just figureheads for the parent company. The parent company gets all the benefits of launching a second token without taking the reputational or legal risk of being tied to it. If the side project succeeds, it can support the main network. If it fails, everyone moves on with their lives and pretends it never happened.

Its a big PR problem for O3Swap now that many of their users assets were compromised in the attack. This isnt the first time that the team has had to deal with negativity, as they were accused of having a backdoor function written into their code that would allow them to rug pull. Although this has never been exploited, it does raise eyebrows about the intentions of the developers.

After the hack, a lot of negativity flooded local social media, with comments calling into question the integrity of Chinese-made projects. One user on Weibo stated that you could beat him to death before he touched a Chinese project while another user just called it an inside job.

 

 

A user points out a potential backdoor in O3Swap’s code. Source: Weibo

 

The bigger issue here is that prior to DeFi, substandard projects would never get off the ground, leading to a slow and painful soft decline in value for token holders. In this model, investors might still get the chance to recover some of their funds by selling on secondary markets.

In the new model of DeFi forks, code can be deployed and amass hundreds of millions of dollars in TVL very rapidly and without adequate risk controls. Audits can be superficial, and staggeringly high yields can seduce retail investors into providing liquidity. If the code is compromised, all the assets are lost, resulting in a much more swift and comprehensive loss for investors.

Looking for silver linings

The major positive in all this was the quick and united response of the Chinese blockchain community. Smart contract auditor Slowmist worked quickly with exchanges to limit the options of the attacker to liquidate funds. The company blog notes:

Special thanks to the teams such as Hoo, Poly Network, Huobi ZLabs, ChainNews, WePiggy, TokenPocket, Bibox, OkLink and many individual partners for synchronizing relevant attacker information with the SlowMist security team on time under the premise of compliance, and buying valuable time for tracking attacker.

 

Huobis co-founder Du June choed this on social media as well, stating that they would do everything in their power to protect the crypto community. This will be a welcome sign to Chinese DeFi users who want to see trust being rebuilt among the local players.

 

 

 

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Shanghai Man: Chainlink hackathon, OKExChain nets $2B TVL, and Tencent unveils ‘magic’ NFT platform

This weekly roundup of news from Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong attempts to curate the industrys most important news, including influential projects, changes in the regulatory landscape, and enterprise blockchain integrations.

Much like last week, Chinas minor COVID flareups dominated the headlines as the country seeks to avoid more serious lockdowns. Cryptocurrency managed to stay out of the news, which considering the regulation recently, can only be viewed as a good thing.

Much love for the layer-twos

On August 3, IOSG Ventures and Chainlink hosted the Demo Day of the Layer-Two Hackathon in Shanghai. The event aimed to support developers working on scaling solutions for Ethereum and was backed by major projects such as Polygon, Near, The Graph, and Matter Labs. The winning team, which won bounties and mentorship, was a Synthetix-based asset management project. The winners called themselves ObjK and used querying technology from The Graph to pull data from Synthetix, achieving an automated cross-pool portfolio rebalance.

 

A number of layer two protocols attended the hackathon. Chinas development community maintains a very cohesive and collaborative attitude. (Source: IOSG Ventures)

 

Layer-twos have always been popular in China, particularly as users feel less concerned about custodial risks and decentralization. Last week, OKEx officially launched OKExChain, which is an EVM-compatible layer-two network similar to what other large exchanges have released.

This is of interest due to OKEx’s large userbase, which ranks second only to Binance when sorted by volume. Layer-two networks released by exchanges often lack some of the technical strengths of the dedicated layer-two networks but have a massive advantage in access to users, assets, projects and communities.

OKExChain was evidence of this as it amassed over $2 billion in assets in the first week. About $350 million of that is on AMM CherrySwap, which appears to be quite liberally based on BSC’s PancakeSwap. That TVL would rank around the 30th biggest DeFi app on all networks, around the size of OlympusDAO on Ethereum and BakerySwap on BSC. KSwap, another AMM platform on OKExChain, racked up over $684 million in 24-hour trade volume on Thursday, which puts it second behind Uniswap V3 for the busiest dApp in the industry. Of course, the challenge will be on the applications and network to maintain these early numbers after the generous APYs have been reduced to more sustainable numbers.

Tracking adoption elsewhere

Despite declining DEX trading volume on both BSC and Huobi Eco Chain, BSC recently saw an explosion in activity around CryptoBlades, an NFT game that accounted for more than three times the transaction volume of the entire Huobi Eco Chain on Thursday.

Ultimately, for chains like Huobi ECO or OKExChain to compete with other layer-two networks, they must find a way to recruit unique app developers to their ecosystems, rather than relying on ports or forks from other networks. As Axie Infinity has shown, any blockchain network can become loaded full of transactions and users if the right application is deployed on it.

 

Source: Bscscan.com

 

China’s own shadowy super-coders

According to a Chainanalysis report, more than $2.2 billion worth of cryptocurrency had been sent from Chinese wallets to addresses associated with illicit activity in the two-year period between April of 2019 and this summer.

The bulk of this is related to the infamous PlusToken ponzi scam that took place in late 2019. Since then, the number of addresses engaging in scams and illegal activity has shrunk dramatically, indicating that Chinese clampdowns are having some impact on consumer protections.

Regulators seem to be taking satisfaction in their victories, as evidenced by an article from a People’s Bank of China working conference last week, where the digital currency crackdown was mentioned in a list of 2021 efforts to date.

Tech giants eyeing up the NFT space

Crypto companies aren’t the only ones feeling the wrath of Chinese regulators these days. Over the past week, hundreds of billions of dollars have been wiped from Chinese tech stocks including online education, delivery, and video gaming.

Tencent, which invests in a number of major game publishers, suffered a more than 17% drop in stock price this month alone. Still, that didn’t stop it from announcing this week thatit would release an NFT trading platform that roughly translates as “Magic Core”. Third parties can reportedly release NFT artwork on the platform, and it’s designed by just one of several teams within Tencent that are developing NFT related services. Due to China’s strict regulatory policies, most of the NFTs launched by the major internet companies are built on private chains or consortium chain technology. Alibaba also launched an NFT platform in late June.

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Shanghai Man: Crypto recovers, disasters strike, and China’s crackdown moves to other sectors

This weekly roundup of news from Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong attempts to curate the industrys most important news, including influential projects, changes in the regulatory landscape, and enterprise blockchain integrations.

It was a tumultuous week in China outside the financial world with severe flooding hitting Zhengzhou and typhoon In-Fa lashing into cities around Shanghai. Even worse, a COVID-19 Delta-variant outbreak in Nanjing is now threatening to disrupt the relatively open lifestyle that residents have enjoyed since strict anti-infection measures got the initial outbreak under control in early 2020.

 

Shanghai
Shanghai city skyline (Pexels)

Trouble in paradise?

Inside the Chinese financial world, government regulations on tech and education companies sent the local stock markets tumbling, which may have had an indirect role in the sharp rebound for cryptocurrency prices. The reminder that regulators can suddenly crush an industry might hurt the confidence of A-shares investors, driving more money back to alternative investments like Bitcoin. In any event, there is a lot on the government’s plate, so cryptocurrency shouldn’t be a huge focus these days.

Selling the rumors in advance

The volumes certainly supported this trend as Huobi and OKEx saw increases for the second week in a row. Despite rumors that more crackdowns might be on the way for exchanges, things have been quiet on the regulatory front. The platform tokens for both OKEx and Huobi recovered impressively. HT, which had dropped around 80% since mid-May, suddenly rebounded around 45%, making investors question whether the worst of the regulatory action was behind them. If nothing else, the rumors are becoming more and more priced in by this point, meaning there is less to fear from new announcements.

As one of the catalysts for the news, Huobi hinted at their upcoming PrimePool, which should allow users to mine the tokens of new projects using HT or other tokens. The Axie token AXS remained a popular asset to trade as it stayed in the top five on Huobi for most of the week. NFT gaming has yet to really take off in China, although projects like Polygon are still actively pushing the metaverse trend in the region.

Wiping the slate

On July 27, Huobi announced its China-based entity had been dissolved. As nearly all operations have gone overseas, this decision could be a step towards becoming disentangled with Chinese regulators. Huobi stated that it was the entity registered in Beijing all the way back in 2013 and that it was not the current operating entity of Huobi Global. According to the same article, OKEx is also in the process of dissolving a previously-used registered company.

With miners and exchanges now mostly abroad and out from under the control of Beijing, future policies can only really target the retail trading and usage of cryptocurrencies. Bobby Lee, who founded one of the earliest Bitcoin exchanges in China, discussed the possibility of an outright ban, saying it could happen in 4-5 years. Lee is now the CEO of wallet company Ballet and remains an active figure in the cryptocurrency space.

Looking for greener pastures

Binances CZ revealed in an interview with SCB 10X that he is looking for a new Binance CEO who he hopes will have a “very strong regulatory background.” CZ first disclosed his departure earlier this year when he said he hoped to step down as CEO in the next two to five years to fully focus on developing the BNB and Binance Smart Chain ecosystem and now his plans to “step down” seem even more accelerated.

 

Vitalik Buterin makes a virtual appearance at World Blockchain Conference (Source: Ben Yorke)

Happening in Hangzhou

This developing tech region of Hangzhou was the stage as the World Blockchain Conference took place on July 24 and 25. This is one of the larger events on the blockchain calendar and with a focus on blockchain technology and technical development, received the support of local government organizations. The event had a lot of hype preceding it, due to digital keynotes from speakers like Vitalik Buterin and Sam Bankman-Fried. However, the close proximity of Typhoon In-Fa resulted in a lower turnout and more subdued activities. Buterin laid out his future vision for Ethereum, painting an ambitious picture of upcoming developments. A number of projects held side events in Hangzhou, including leading DeFi wallet ImToken and smart contract protocol Avalanche.

Top it up with CBDCs

Shenzhen residents can now use the e-CNY on buses and subways, according to a story on People.cn. Citizens are encouraged to actively use the central bank digital currency on public transportation for what is being called “green” travel. Citizens scan the code in the local transportation app and scan it when entering or exiting the vehicle or station. At the same time, citizens can use the e_CNY to top up their local travel cards.

This news will not be welcomed warmly by President of ASI Rich Checkan, who earlier this week suggested that CBDCs were concocted in hell by Satan himself. His strong words are likely aimed at countries like China, where government plays a strong role in both financial institutions and the tech sector.

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