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Law Decoded: Bitcoin exchange-traded funds are put on the spot again, Nov. 29–Dec. 6

The Securities and Exchange Commission's continued resistance to spot Bitcoin ETFs draws industry players' ire.

Do you remember the time when a fleeting mention of Bitcoin, stablecoins, or even central bank digital currencies by a top-ranking government official was considered major news all over the cryptoverse? Feels like It’s been forever. As we find ourselves in the midst of digital assets’ global mainstreaming, such statements come in droves every day and are expected. Randal Quarles, an outgoing member of the U.S. Fed’s board of governors, warned against overregulating stablecoins and even rebuked some of the conclusions that the President’s Working Group on Financial Markets had articulated in its November report. Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen admitted to remaining undecided on the issue of the digital dollar, but prospective Fed Vice Chair Lael Brainard seems to be all in on the CBDC project. It goes without saying that the leading makers of economic policy are deeply immersed in these issues.

Below is the concise version of the latest “Law Decoded” newsletter. For the full breakdown of policy developments over the last week, register for the full newsletter below.

SEC on the ETF hot seat again

Meanwhile, the Securities and Exchange Commission is standing its ground on spot Bitcoin exchange-traded funds. WisdomTree’s application for a spot BTC product to be traded on the CBOE bZx Exchange became yet another one to be turned down by the regulator. The rationale for the decision was familiar as the SEC’s verdict cited the proposed ETF’s sponsors’ lack of demonstrated capacity to prevent fraud and manipulation and protect investors. 

The SEC has been under fire from multiple directions for its discriminatory stance of accepting derivatives-based products based on an asset’s derivatives while inhibiting the products based on the asset itself. The latest round of criticism came from asset manager Grayscale Investments in a letter to SEC Secretary Vanessa Countryman where the firm argues that the failure to treat the two types of BTC-based products equally constitutes a violation of the Administrative Protections Act (APA).

Crypto CEOs to go up the Hill

Later this week, the U.S. House Committee on Financial Services is calling a hearing squarely focused on digital assets and the future of finance — in fact, that is what the hearing is called officially. Top crypto CEOs, including those of Circle, FTX, Bitfury and Coinbase, will climb Capitol Hill to make their case for benign regulation of the industry and defend its role in the nation’s economic competitiveness. This could be the biggest opportunity in months for the leaders of the crypto space to catch key lawmakers’ ears and directly deliver their opinions and recommendations.

Clampdown updates

The last issue of this newsletter focused extensively on the disconcerting news out of India where a new bill hinted at a possible blanket ban on all “private cryptocurrencies.” The good news is that things might be less dreadful than they initially appeared. The bill’s sponsor, former Indian Finance Secretary Subhash Garg, followed up with a statement that the language around the prospective ban was “misleading” and that the actual shape of the nation’s crypto regulation will emerge after extensive discussions with stakeholders and industry participants.

Furthermore, a cabinet note obtained by local media suggested that the government had been eyeing a set of regulatory measures around crypto assets rather than an outright ban.

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Crypto prices in India tumble after crypto bill announced

The token prices on the Indian crypto exchange WazirX crashed following the announcement of a bill that would ban all private crypto.

Regulatory discussions in India around a crypto ban caused panic selling on major crypto exchange WazirX, resulting in massive price drop on leading cryptocurrencies including Bitcoin (BTC) and Ether (ETH). 

Crypto prices in India crashed soon after the parliament announced to introduce and list 26 new bills in the Winter Session, which included the Cryptocurrency and Regulation of Official Digital Currency Bill, 2021. As Cointelegraph reported, the bill seeks a legislative vote on creating an official digital currency while imposing a ban on “all private cryptocurrencies,” starting Nov. 29.

A mass sell-off on WazirX in the morning of Nov. 24 at 3:30 a.m. UTC tanked the price of Bitcoin from nearly Rs. 4,600,000 ($61,820.73) to Rs. 3,917,659 ($52,650.55), a drop of –14.8% within two hours. Similarly, other popular tokens including Ether and Cardano (ADA) experienced double-digit price depreciation locally on the exchange.

Bitcoin price crash on WazirX. Source: WazirX

Speaking to Cointelegraph, WazirX CEO Nischal Shetty highlighted that the Indian crypto market usually trades at a premium compared to the global market:

“This event of panic selling has led the Indian market to correct and the prices to reach the global level.”

Shetty also pointed out the various use cases of cryptocurrencies as an asset or utility and quoted the former Finance Secretary of India Subhash Chandra Garg’s suggestion that “there should be a prohibition on the ‘currency’ use case of crypto,” if any.

Jay Hao, CEO of crypto exchange OKEx, told Cointelegraph about the need for a nuanced approach towards regulating crypto assets in India:

“India is home to the highest number of crypto owners in the world and the onus lies on the government to protect the interest of a large number of crypto investors in the country.”

Commenting on India's crypto ban, BTC Markets CEO Caroline Bowler said, “This ban won’t work in the long-term and would be a step backwards,” adding that “banning is not an option to protect investor interest.” Bowler stated:

“The thing with cryptocurrency is that while governments may try to ban it or try to contain it, the very decentralised nature of the technology somewhat prohibits that.”

As a final word of advice to the Indian inventors, Shetty believes in the need to have faith in our lawmakers. “Let’s not panic,” he concluded.

Related: Right-wing Indian group calls for stricter crypto regulations

This comes after a parliamentary panel discussion on cryptocurrency on Nov. 15, where a plurality of regulators concl that, although crypto can’t be stopped, it should be regulated more heavily.

In August, a representative from the Reserve Bank of India said that it planned to commence preliminary trials for a central bank digital currency before the end of 2021. India is currently one of the largest markets in the world, with over 20 million crypto investors.

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India’s top payment firm Paytm reportedly considers Bitcoin services

In India, the regulatory environment surrounding Bitcoin is still in a "grey area."

Paytm, India's leading digital payments company, said Thursday that it would consider Bitcoin services if the country's regulatory framework for cryptocurrencies was more definite.

Speaking to Haslinda Amin and Rishaad Salamat during an interview on Bloomberg TV, Paytm's chief financial officer Madhur Deora stated that the rules surrounding Bitcoin (BTC) remain in a “grey area” in India.

“Bitcoin is still in a regulatory grey area if not a regulatory ban in India. [...] At the moment Paytm does not do Bitcoin. If it was ever to become fully legal in the country then clearly there could be offerings we could launch.”

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) had initially prohibited cryptocurrencies, but the decision was reversed by India's Supreme Court in March 2020. Since then, there has been little in the way of concrete action from either the government or the RBI regarding cryptocurrency regulations.

Even though the government has considered crypto legislation, the RBI has steadfastly opposed it and is still pushing for a ban. As reported by Cointelegraph, Nirmala Sitharam, the country's finance minister, said that while the government is "not against cryptocurrencies," it will look at how they might assist India's financial technology sector.

Deora's remarks come as Paytm prepares for its initial public offering, which is expected to occur in mid-November and will value at $2.5 billion. According to reports, the IPO is set to become India's biggest ever capital market debut.

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India CBDC pilot may commence in December, says RBI governor

India’s central bank is carefully considering the merits of issuing a digital rupee as CBDC exploration continues to gather steam across the globe.

The Reserve Bank of India could commence preliminary central bank digital currency (CBDC) trials before the end of the year.

Speaking to CNBC on Thursday, RBI governor Shaktikanta Das said that the central bank was “being extremely careful” in its handling of a potential digital rupee even as its counterparts around the world are exploring their own sovereign digital currencies.

According to Das, the RBI’s focus is on examining the potential impact of a digital rupee on India’s financial sector with issues like monetary policy control high on the agenda.

On the technical side, the RBI governor also revealed that the central bank was weighing the merits of utilizing a centralized or decentralized ledger for its proposed CBDC.

Providing a likely timeline for the next phase of the project, Das remarked, “I think by the end of the year, we should be able to […] We would be in a position, perhaps to start our first trials.”

The RBI governor’s comments are in keeping with recent remarks from other central bank officials in the country about the progress of the planned digital rupee project.

As previously reported by Cointelegraph, RBI deputy governor Rabi Sankar stated back in July that the central bank was leaning towards a phased implementation strategy for its CBDC project.

Related: IMF, World Bank and BIS champion central bank digital currencies at G20

With global financial bodies like the Bank for International Settlements pushing for CBDCs as a counter to cryptocurrencies and private stablecoins, several central banks are developing their own national digital currencies.

According to the Atlantic Council back in July, countries representing 90% of the entire global GDP are in several stages of CBDC exploration.

Among the major global economies, China continues to lead the way in the CBDC race with multiple pilot programs to incentivize the adoption of its e-yuan. Other countries in Asia are also moving forward with their digital currency plans.

International cooperation is also another major talking point in the CBDC space with regional digital currency initiatives taking shape in places like Asia and the Caribbean.

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GoSats launches Bitcoin cashback rewards card in India

Users will be able to earn yield paid in BTC on all the rewards they’ve accumulated through the app.

Bitcoin (BTC) rewards company GoSats has launched a new cashback rewards card for customers in India, potentially setting the stage for wider mainstream adoption of digital assets in the world’s second-most populous country. 

The new product is being introduced in partnership with the National Payments Corporation of India, also known as NPCI, which is a not-for-profit organisation dedicated to promoting digital payments and settlement systems across the country. The organization was founded in December 2008 and is under the direct ownership of the Reserve Bank of India.

The GoSats rewards card, which is accessible through mobile app and browser extension, allows users to earn cashback paid in BTC while shopping at major brands such as Amazon, Starbucks and Flipkart.

The NPCI partnership suggests that GoSats is looking to avoid any regulatory hurdles in rolling out its services. Mohammed Roshan, GoSats’ CEO and co-founder, said the partnership will enable his firm to “offer users bitcoin earning opportunities using NPCI’s existing card network,” adding:

“Beforehand, people could only get bitcoin cashback on specific brands through our app but now can earn cashback in bitcoin on every spend.”

Launched in February 2021, GoSats has accumulated over 15,000 customers in just six months, underscoring pent-up demand for digital asset services in the country. India’s history with cryptocurrencies has been volatile, to say the least. Policymakers appeared to be on the verge of banning crypto altogether, but have since softened their stance. As Cointelegraph reported in July, the Securities and Exchange Board of India is said to be working with the finance ministry to oversee crypto regulations in the country.

In the meantime, foot traffic to cryptocurrency exchanges has grown rapidly. WazirX, a Binance-owned cryptocurrency exchange operating in India, has reported over 2,600% user growth since inception. A large portion of those signups have been women from smaller cities.

Related: Indian crypto exchange becomes unicorn after $90M funding round

Crypto credit cards and cashback reward programs are growing in popularity as digital assets continue to permeate the mainstream. As Cointelegraph recently reported, PayPal’s Venmo has created a new program that allows credit card users to automatically purchase crypto with cashback rewards.

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Reserve Bank of India mulls first steps toward an eventual CBDC

RBI is looking for ways to test a CBDC while causing little to no disruption for the bank’s status quo.

The Reserve Bank of India, or RBI, continues to investigate the issuance of a central bank digital currency, or CBDC.

T Rabi Sankar, the deputy governor of RBI, said in a speech organized by the Vidhi Center for Legal Policy that private digital currencies could be part of what makes CBDCs ultimately necessary. He felt that the RBI’s development of it’s own CBDC could provide the public with many of the same uses as digital currencies such as Bitcoin, while limiting the average user’s exposure to volatility. He stated:

“Indeed, this could be the key factor nudging central banks from considering CBDCs as a secure and stable form of digital money…. The case for CBDC for emerging economies is thus clear – CBDCs are desirable not just for the benefits they create in payments systems, but also might be necessary to protect the general public in an environment of volatile private VCs.”

Sankar continued that the RBI is currently looking at a phased implementation strategy, and examining cases where a CBDC could be put into practice with little to no disruption of the bank’s status quo. The official detailed a number of issues that would need to be examined before CBDC implementation could truly be considered. He noted the need for careful consideration with regard to how retail payments, or payments occurring between consumers and businesses, would be orchestrated. Security issues, including the degree of allowable user anonymity, were also up for debate.

Related: India’s ICICI Bank warns remittance users to steer away from Bitcoin

Of the problems mentioned, Sankar seemed most concerned with the toppling of central bank oversight and authority. He stressed that traditional financial institutions might lose their role as trusted third-parties, should individual users be given the ability to trustlessly transact for themselves. An arguably valid fear, given that Bitcoin creator Satoshi Nakamoto openly devised blockchain technology as a way to end the stranglehold he felt banks needlessly enjoyed with regard to disintermediation.

People transacting without a middleman could also reduce the bank's ability to issue credit to patrons, according to Sankar. In his statement however, the official failed to acknowledge the numerous options for decentralized credit issuance which the DeFi community has devised — a number of which have already been successfully implemented.

Sankar said that while there is more research to be done, it may not be long before pilot projects in both the retail and wholesale markets are put into motion:

“Setting this up will require careful calibration and a nuanced approach in implementation. Drawing board considerations and stakeholder consultations are important. Technological challenges have their importance as well. As is said, every idea will have to wait for its time. Perhaps the time for CBDCs is nigh.”

CBDCs have gained a lot of traction over the past year. South Korea recently chose a blockchain subsidiary of a local internet company as the technology provider for the pilot tests of its digital won. Members of the staff of the Bank of Canada also released a study detailing the possible benefits of a CBDC. They noted a number of plusses, including the elimination of transaction fees on debit and credit cards, and the possibilities inherent to programmable currency. In the U.S., the Chairman of the Federal Reserve said a CBDC could cut down on the number of cryptocurrencies being launched.

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India’s ICICI Bank warns remittance users to steer away from Bitcoin

The bank has also asked users not to invest any fiat currency that may have links to previous cryptocurrency investments.

India’s stance on crypto adoption has been a gray area ever since the birth of Bitcoin (BTC). In what seems like another blow for the Indian crypto community, one of the biggest financial services, ICICI Bank, has warned users not to use their remittance services for transferring any form of crypto or digital currency.

In ICICI’s latest iteration of the Retail Outward Remittance Application form, the bank has clearly stated its intent to stop users from using the service for crypto transfers. Based on the Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) 1999, the declaration states: 

“The above remittance is NOT for investment / purchase of Bitcoin/Cryptocurrencies/Virtual Currencies (such as Ethereum, Ripple, Litecoin, Dash, Peercoin, Dogecoin, Primecoin, Chinacoin, Ven, Bitcoin or any other virtual currency/cryptocurrency/bitcoin).”

The major banking institution has shared two more points that reiterate its anti-adoption stance, further warning users not to use its remittance service for investing in companies that deal with Bitcoin or any other crypto and digital currencies.

Users were also warned not to send any funds that may have been procured via crypto investments in the past. However, the Indian government has not yet shown resistance to blockchain-based financial applications.

ICICI’s move to use FEMA 1999 against crypto adoption is consistent with other banking players in the country ever since the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) announced to ban banks that do business with crypto-related firms back in April 2018.

Related: India Supreme Court Lifts RBI Ban on Banks Servicing Crypto Firms

Contrary to ICICI’s latest move to disregard crypto enthusiasts, the Supreme Court of India has contradicted the RBI’s ban on crypto-friendly banks. As a result of this confusion, India’s crypto investors continue to find loopholes in the system to grow their crypto portfolio.

While government officials continue to postpone the date of the inevitable, the evident lack of regulatory clarity on crypto investments has a direct impact on investors and the country’s fintech innovation. 

On the other end of the spectrum, India’s largest cryptocurrency exchange, Binance-owned WazirX, continues to see a rise in trade volumes and new users, owing to RBI’s clarification on the removal of the ban based on the Supreme Court’s verdict. 

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Crypto exchanges in India still struggling to secure banking partners

India’s crypto exchanges continue to cope with the burden of limited access to banking services.

Commercial banks in India are reportedly reluctant to do business with crypto exchanges in the country.

According to Reuters on Thursday, crypto trading platforms in India are still finding it difficult to open accounts with financial institutions. While there is no crypto ban in India, banks are reportedly acting on the advice of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to shun cryptocurrency exchanges.

Back in May, the RBI clarified its position on the matter, stating that there was no prohibition against banks servicing crypto exchanges. Indeed, India’s Supreme Court overturned a previous RBI rule that prevented banks from offering account services to crypto trading platforms.

Lack of access to banking services causes major disruptions such as limiting the scope of instant settlements for withdrawals.

With banks remaining reticent, crypto exchanges in India are beginning to consider alternative payment providers. Collaborating with payment processing firms is becoming a suitable stop-gap measure for platforms looking to continue offering crypto/fiat trading pairs.

Smaller payment rails like the Mumbai-based Airpay are reportedly providing instant transfer services for exchanges like Coinswitch and Binance-owned WazirX. However, given India’s estimated 15 million cryptocurrency investors, such payment channels may likely prove inadequate.

To manage the situation, major platforms like WazirX are having to halt crypto/fiat trading on certain days with only peer-to-peer (P2P) transactions available. Some other exchanges are reportedly resorting to manual settlements for bank deposits and withdrawals.

Crypto exchange stakeholders say reliance on P2P channels and other alternative trading methods may expose users to fraudulent actors.

Related: Proposed crypto ban legislation reportedly under review by India’s government

In the absence of a regulatory framework for cryptocurrencies in India, exchanges in the country may likely continue to experience such struggles. As previously reported by Cointelegraph, the government is currently weighing its options regarding the best approach to regulating the crypto market.

Meanwhile, the RBI remains firm in its anti-crypto stance even as reports suggest that authorities in government are moving more towards nuanced regulations rather than an outright crypto ban.

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Proposed crypto ban legislation reportedly under review by India’s government

Authorities in India are reportedly weighing up options concerning crypto regulations in the country.

India’s government is reportedly reviewing modalities for banning or regulating cryptocurrencies in the country.

According to Bloomberg Quint, reports indicate that the government is in talks with financial regulators and industry stakeholders to examine the provisions of an earlier proposal that effectively called for a blanket prohibition of crypto in India.

Back in February, several reports out of India stoked fears of a possible crypto ban that has so far failed to materialize. Instead, the emerging narrative out of the country is that the authorities are considering a more nuanced approach to cryptocurrency regulations with blanker prohibitions out of the question.

The anonymous source quoted by Bloomberg Quint says the current discussions are going over the clauses in the previous crypto ban bill to determine whether to follow through or seek an alternative approach.

According to the publication, these discussions are proceeding along three fronts. The first two issues are reportedly around whether crypto can be regulated or if the government should wield the “ban hammer.”

The third issue on the agenda is reportedly ascertaining the types of crypto activities that could be permitted under a standardized cryptocurrency regulatory paradigm in India.

As previously reported by Cointelegraph, the Reserve Bank of India continues to maintain its anti-crypto stance. The RBI has previously said that it has communicated its reservations about cryptocurrencies to the federal government.

Back in May, the RBI clarified that commercial banks were not under orders from the central bank to refuse service to crypto exchanges. Indeed, India’s Supreme Court in March 2020 overturned a previous RBI mandate prohibiting banks from servicing exchanges in the country.

Related: India to reportedly ditch Bitcoin ban agenda in favor of asset classification

Given the deliberate pace of the ongoing discussions, the quoted source also added that an amended crypto regulatory bill is unlikely to be introduced during the upcoming Monsoon session of Parliament beginning in July.

Meanwhile, three major cryptocurrency exchanges — Kraken, Bitfinex and KuCoin — are reportedly mulling an expansion of their business to India to offer services to the country’s estimated 15 million crypto investors.

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Indian central bank remains anti-crypto, affirming ‘no change’ in its stance

The Reserve Bank of India's ban on banks' dealings with crypto may be defunct but the institution remains apprehensive of — if not outright hostile to — cryptocurrencies.

Its infamous circular directing banks to cease servicing crypto firms may have been overturned in the courts but India's central bank is showing no signs of softening its stance towards cryptocurrencies.

Reserve Bank of India Governor Shaktikanta Das reiterated the institution's position in a recent press conference following a statement on monetary policy, stressing:

“We have major concerns around cryptocurrency, which we have conveyed to the government.”

The governor's comments come after the Reserve Bank of India had been prompted to clarify that banks should not continue to cite the Reserve Bank of India's now-defunct circular as grounds for refusing services to crypto firms. Recent media reports had suggested the document was still providing an alibi for banks reluctant to deal with entities from the crypto space, despite the fact that the Supreme Court had ruled the ban disproportionate and struck it down in March 2020.

Das told reporters that the central bank wants to "set the record straight" and  “that particular circular of RBI has been set aside. Therefore it is not correct to refer to that circular.” Despite its repeal, banks have continued to be reluctant to open up to the industry amid a general atmosphere of uncertainty regarding the future of crypto in India. This year, an anonymous source claiming to be a senior official in India's Finance Ministry suggested a long-discussed blanket ban on cryptocurrencies may yet be implemented in the country.

While keen to clarify the status of the circular, Das emphasized that banks should continue to follow due diligence measures when it comes to dealing with cryptocurrency-related clients. The central bank has repeatedly pointed to the risks of money laundering and terrorism financing that it fears cryptocurrency usage can facilitate. In parallel, it has been exploring the possible need for a central bank-issued digital currency.

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