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AI and blockchain will ‘reshape sectors’ and create new markets from scratch — Moody’s

According to an analysis from Moody's Investors Service, AI and distributed ledger technologies are set to disrupt companies, industries, and economies across the globe.

Artificial intelligence (AI) and blockchain technologies have reached a "tipping point" and are set to shrink established industries while creating new ones, forecasts a report from Moody's Investors Service published on Sep. 6. 

According to the authors, the combined impact of AI and distributed ledger technologies (DLTs), such as blockchain, has effects "far beyond corporate balance sheets," and "will likely reshape entire sectors, leading established industries "to shrink or disappear altogether while creating new markets from scratch." The report notes:

"History has shown that transformative technologies can shrink established sectors shrink or wipe them out entirely [...] AI will drive the emergence of new sectors, possibly in content generation, mobility, education, or healthcare fields. DLT has already led to the emergence of cryptocurrencies and decentralized finance, although the track record of these segments has been uneven over the past 18 months."

The report highlights that AI will boost economic growth by increasing productivity through task automation, partially offsetting the effects of aging and shrinking populations in many countries. As for DLT, the benefits include fostering financial inclusion and modernizing payment systems. However, it is unlikely that these benefits will materialize before the next decade.

How AI and DLT will transform organizations' strategies. Source: Moody's Investors Service.

When considering the impact on global financial markets, the authors outline that AI and DLT will improve process efficiency and create new products, thereby enhancing credit profiles for financial firms, as long as financial, regulatory, and cybersecurity risks are properly addressed. 

"The coming transformation will bring process efficiency and new products, but also amplify existing risks and give rise to new ones," reads the report, adding that the "interaction of risk and opportunity will be transmitted to debt issuer credit profiles through five broad channels, with impact varying by sector and issuer strategy."

Measures of credit risk that will be influenced by the technologies include business strategy and implementation, financial performance, governance and risk management, and industry and economy-level changes.

"The overall economic and financial effects of technological changes, including the policy and strategic shifts they prompt, are likely to be positive. However, there will be considerable differences in how the costs and benefits of progress are distributed among people, companies, and countries."

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CBDCs offer faster settlements: Citi survey of global securities firms

The year-on-year growing support CBDCs is supported by ongoing domestic pilots and cross-border initiatives in various jurisdictions, banking giant Citi found.

Discussions around shortening local financial settlement cycles within the next five years have most securities firms eyeing central bank digital currencies (CBDCs)

CitiBank’s latest edition of the Securities Services Evolution whitepaper highlighted India’s recent move to T+1 settlements, which ensures all trade-related settlements conclude within 24 hours of a transaction. As the United States and Canada, among other leading economies, step up efforts to transition to T+1 settlement cycles, the CitiBank survey gauges the importance of distributed ledger technology (DLT), CBDCs and stablecoins in expediting this transition.

Global economies transitioning to faster settlement times. Source: Citibank

87% of the 483 survey respondents and 12 financial markets infrastructures (FMIs) see CBDCs as a viable option for shorter settlement cycles by 2026. The support for CBDCs saw a near 21% increase from securities firms when compared to the previous year.

Expected form of digital money to be used to support securities settlements. Source: Citibank

The year-on-year growing support for digital cash is supported by domestic pilots and cross-border initiatives. The Citibank report read:

“Recent crossborder multi-bank experiments are now providing detailed insights into how central bank funding can be operationalized in a digital context, both internally and across entire markets.”

However, over the next years, some of the major roadblocks to widespread adoption of digital assets include regulatory uncertainties, limited knowledge, backward compatibility with traditional financial systems and blockchain interoperabilities, among others, as listed below.

Top impediment to the widespread use of digital assets in the next three years. Source: Citibank

Out of the various financial institutions, institutional investors, banks and asset managers have the greatest ability to scale and deliver market-wide solutions, a crucial determinant to the widespread adoption of CBDCs, stablecoins and other centrally governable financial instruments.

In the coming five years, by 2028, financial aspirations will move beyond T+1, envisions Citibank’s report. Some anticipated changes will include the mainstreaming of DLTs, shorter settlement cycles, digital cash-focused funding mechanisms and removal of core banking systems.

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Just a month after India pitched the idea of conducting cross-border payments using its CBDC to 18 central banks, the Reserve Bank of Australia completed its in-house CBDC pilot.

The Australian central bank believes that a CBDC may support financial innovation in areas such as debt securities markets, could promote innovation in emerging private digital money sectors and enhance resilience and inclusion within the wider digital economy.

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Gaining speed on tokenization is vital for UK’s financial future, banking group warns

UK Finance says it’s not too late for the United Kingdom to make up for other jurisdictions’ faster start to securities tokenization, and it better do it if it wants to remain a global financial leader.

Advocacy group UK Finance is urging the British government to encourage securities tokenization. The market is small now, but the future stakes are high, it said.

In a report co-written with consulting firm Oliver Wyman, UK Finance said the advantages of tokenization, such as lower costs, lower risk and wider access, are not just “a nice-to-have.” Tokenization “can transform the financial system, and the UK should be at the centre of this transformation,” it said.

UK Finance chair and former Bank of England court member Bob Wigley wrote in a Financial Times editorial timed to the report’s release:

“The UK is at risk of falling behind other financial centres, as digital bond issuance to date has been in other places such as Singapore or Switzerland […] Our progress is similar to the US, which could quickly leap ahead given its huge financial resources, deep capital markets and technology knowhow.”

“The UK government has given some indications of its commitment to tokenisation and its enablers. Industry now requires action from government,” the report added. It held up Singapore’s Project Guardian as an example of a government exploring collaboration with the private sector to develop the use of tokenized assets.

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The U.K. already has a growing legal foundation that is “fit for purpose” for securities tokenization, if in need of adaptation, the report said. UK Finance suggested a road map for the United Kingdom to position itself as a global tokenization market leader.

The detailed plan had three components — innovation, interoperability and global standards leadership — with a five-year horizon. Financial market infrastructure sandboxes, due for launch this year by the Treasury, played a key role in the plan.

Tokenization is currently only carried out on a small scale, with 1% of $20.6 trillion of global long-term fixed income instruments tokenized in 2021, according to research cited in the report.

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NY Fed, banks wrap up regulated liabilities network proof of concept using wCBDC

The theoretical network would help the dollar maintain its status internationally with “game changing” improvements in service.

The Federal Reserve Bank of New York’s Innovation Center (NYIC) has completed its proof of concept of a regulated liability network (RLN) in conjunction with nine large financial institutions and the Swift network. The project created theoretical infrastructure to exchange and settle commercial bank deposit tokens and central bank liabilities using distributed ledger technology and a simulated U.S. central bank digital currency (CBDC).

Asset transfers are currently carried out through messaging along the chain of the parties involved. Messaging takes place almost instantly, but settlement does not, Tony McLaughlin, head of emerging payments and business development at Citi Treasury & Trade Solutions, said in a webinar introducing the project results.

The project abandoned trustlessness and anonymity, among other features, from its blockchain to create a system that contained value in the ledger, rather than settling via messaging. The simulated RLN functioned round the clock with multiasset settlement and programmability, McLaughlin said.

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The simulated RLN preserved full U.S. Anti-Money Laundering and Know Your Customer protections in international settlements, McLaughlin said. He called the RLN “a gamechanger for international users of the dollar” that would help maintain the dollar’s role as the international currency of choice.

The results of the project were also summed up in separate technical, business and legal reports. The legal report noted, “We have not identified any legal issues that would prevent the creation of the RLN system under current rules and regulations.” Since the project looked at regulated assets, cryptocurrency and stablecoin were not included. Permissionless blockchains and retail CBDC were not considered either.

The NY Fed included its usual disclaimer about the research not signaling a decision on the introduction of a U.S. CBDC. NYIC director Per von Zelowitz said in a statement:

"From a central banking perspective, the proof of concept was conducive to exploring tokenized regulated deposits and understanding the potential functional benefits of central bank and commercial bank digital money operating together on a shared ledger."

The project was announced in November as a 12-week pilot. BNY Mellon, Citi, HSBC, Mastercard, PNC Bank, TD Bank, Truist, U.S. Bank and Wells Fargo took part in the project.

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Singapore central bank reports on tokenized asset network models after trials

Three trial use cases have been completed as part of the project, and the report uses them as a “framework for consideration” of financial market infrastructure.

As asset tokenization continues at a rapid pace, the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) and 11 financial institutions examined infrastructure models to facilitate tokenized asset trading. The key to unlocking the full benefits of the technology is open and interoperable digital asset networks, the MAS said in its Project Guardian report released June 26.

Project Guardian identified options for platform type, asset type and network access with an eye to best practices. It used three test cases and drew observations on them while carefully noting that it does not endorse any of them.

The first use case was over-the-counter (OTC) foreign exchange transactions. A detailed examination highlighted a collaboration between DBS Bank and SBI Digital Asset Holdings. It concluded:

“Trading in a permissioned liquidity pool protocol achieves greater efficiency by reducing friction and minimising risks, while the tokenised assets bring the benefits of atomic settlement.”

The second use case was trade finance and focused on Standard Chartered Bank’s asset-backed securities tokenization. In this model, tokenized trade finance receivable assets are repackaged as natively issued fungible tokens and divided into two tranches with differing risk exposures. Trading in the “senior,” less risky tokens would “broaden the investor base for real economy assets,” the report concluded.

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The third use case was OTC-structured notes, which are “a popular wealth management product with substantial traction and demand in Asian wealth centres.” Currently, issuance of such notes is labor-intensive and has manual elements, and the notes require a high level of servicing.

A network created by HSBC, Marketnode and United Overseas Bank produces OTC-structured notes in a “token factory” by whitelisting parties on a public, permissionless platform, resulting in greater efficiency in creating and distributing the notes. Those institutions are part of an industry-wide effort to establish common standards for asset issuance and exchange.

Project Guardian was launched in May 2022. It will continue to examine “other focused themes of Trust Anchors and Institutional DeFi.”

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BIS releases unified-ledger proposal for cross-border, tokenized asset transactions

Like the IMF’s single-ledger proposal released a day earlier, BIS’ unified ledger uses familiar concepts, such as tokenization, without the blockchain.

The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) has released a chapter of its annual report early. That chapter, on the future of the monetary system, discusses “a new type of financial market infrastructure — a unified ledger.” The chapter was published June 20, one day after the International Monetary Fund (IMF) released a paper describing its “single ledger” cross-border payments concept.

The BIS proposal harnesses central bank digital currency and tokenized assets into “a new type of financial market infrastructure” — that is, the unified ledger, which would be powered by application programming interfaces (APIs). The authors of the proposal critiqued existing financial technology. They said:

“The collapse of crypto and the faltering progress of other tokenisation projects underline a key lesson. The success of tokenisation rests on the foundation of trust provided by central bank money and its capacity to knit together key elements of the financial system.”

One drawback of current tokenization schemes is that they exist in silos, the proposal claimed. A unified ledger would incorporate the ledgers of the counterparties, programmed reconciliation and messaging, enabling faster transactions and atomic (simultaneous) settlement in a “partitioned data environment” where privacy and transparency are controlled.

Related: Digitalization won’t displace commercial bank money any time soon: Moody’s

A unified-ledger system would allow for considerable disintermediation in transactions with securities. Cross-border transactions would require more coordination, assuming an intermediated system with the presence of both central banks and private payment service providers.

BIS general manager Agustín Carstens first mentioned unified-ledger technology at the Singapore FinTech Festival in February. Like the IMF “single ledger” introduced a day earlier, the unified ledger uses concepts and technology familiar to the cryptocurrency community. The IMF proposal was met with immediate pushback from the crypto community.

Neither the single ledger nor the BIS unified ledger crucially relies on blockchain technology. Project Rosalind, undertaken by the BIS and the Bank of England, also depended on API technology. The full BIS annual report is due out on June 25.

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Distributed ledger tech could save TradFi $100B a year: Lobby group

A new report from the Global Financial Markets Association says regulators need to take distributed ledger technology more seriously.

Around $100 billion a year or more could be saved if distributed ledger technology (DLT) was used in traditional markets, claims a new report from the Global Financial Markets Association (GFMA).

In a May 16 report, the traditional finance sector lobby group, along with international consulting firm Boston Consulting Group (BCG) and others, asked both regulators and traditional financial institutions to take a more serious look at the upsides of the technology.

A distributed ledger is an umbrella term for a system that records transactions and digital information. A blockchain is a specific type of distributed ledger.

“Distributed ledger technology holds promise for driving growth and innovation,” said Adam Farkas, GFMA’s Chief Executive. “This potential should not be ignored or prohibited where regulatory oversight and resiliency measures already exist.”

According to the report, using distributed ledgers to streamline collateral processes in derivatives and lending markets could see an additional $100 billion saved.

Additionally, utilizing smart contracts to automate and shore up processes of clearing and settlements could reduce overheads by $20 billion each year.

Impact of DLT on various market elements. Source: GFMA

Overall, the systems that stand to gain the most from implementing DLT at some level were clearing and settlements, followed closely by custody and asset servicing.

According to analysis from BCG, primary markets and secondary trading were less likely to witness serious impact from the tech, however tokenization in these markets could see better risk mitigation and deeper liquidity.

DLT is beginning to witness heightened levels of adoption internationally. On March 23, the European securities clearing firm Euroclear — which claims to have over $40.9 trillion (37.6 trillion euros) in custodied assets — announced that it would be looking to integrate DLT into its settlements process.

Related: China launches national blockchain center to train half a million specialists

There is, however, still plenty of room for improvement when it comes to implementing DLT into pre-existing financial systems.

In November last year, the Australian Securities Exchange abandoned its plans to update its 25-year-old clearing and settlements system with DLT, leaving a $170 million hole in its books.

The GMFA report comes just two months after Citi investment bank claimed that the global market for blockchain-based tokenized assets could reach a staggering $5 trillion by 2030.

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China launches national blockchain center to train half a million specialists

The institution will reportedly train more than 500,000 specialists in distributed ledger technology.

On May 10, the National Blockchain Technology Innovation Center, first announced in February, officially started its work in the Chinese capital city of Beijing. The center will collaborate with local universities, think tanks and blockchain businesses to develop blockchain technology in China. The institution will reportedly train more than 500,000 specialists in distributed ledger technology (DLT). 

Leading the new center is the Beijing Academy of Blockchain and Edge Computing, which developed the ChainMaker blockchain; a home-grown blockchain serving as a blueprint for the center’s developments. ChainMaker is already supported by a group of 50 business corporations, most of which are state-owned, including big names like China Construction Bank and China Unicom. As reported by local media, the center will accelerate the construction of “ultra-large-scale” blockchain computing power clusters.

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According to Zheng Zhiming, a professor at the School of Mathematics and Systems Science at Beihang University, the center’s mission is to connect various blockchain use cases in the country — so-called “blockchain islands” — into a single cohesive network:

“Connecting blockchain application platforms and aggregating blockchain application ecology will significantly enhance blockchain innovation capabilities and core competitiveness.“

With the crackdown on cryptocurrencies still in force, the Chinese government continues to actively research the digital economy’s possibilities. Chinese companies are studying methods to develop artificial intelligence via weaker semiconductors and combinations of chips to bypass reliance on a single type of high-tech hardware imported mainly from the United States.

The country is also marching ahead with its central bank digital currency project. In April, it announced expanding the use cases for the digital yuan to its “Belt and Road” initiative and cross-border trades.

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Argentina says no to crypto payments, France tolerates ‘finfluencers’: Law Decoded, May 1–8

Argentina’s central bank banned payment providers from offering crypto transactions, adding that it intends to reduce the country’s payment-system exposure to digital assets.

Last week brought several significant international developments in regulation. Argentina’s central bank banned payment providers from offering crypto transactions, adding that it intends to reduce the country’s payment-system exposure to digital assets. While local payment providers refuse to comment on the decision, Argentina’s fintech chamber urged the government to reconsider, claiming that “it limits access to a technology that offers multiple benefits and opportunities for our society.”

In France, the Senate Committee on Economic Affairs approved an amendment allowing registered cryptocurrency companies to hire social media influencers for advertising and promotional purposes. The new wording would allow companies registered with France’s Financial Markets Authority to hire product influencers.

Meanwhile, Nigeria is preparing new industry regulations for digital asset platforms. The Nigerian Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is considering allowing licensed digital exchanges to list tokens backed by specific assets, including equity, debt and property. The SEC also aims to register fintech firms as digital sub-brokers, crowdfunding intermediaries, fund managers and tokenized coins issuers. The authority will not register crypto exchanges until the central bank provides clear regulations for the crypto market.

White House to build international standards for DLT

The United States Government released the national standards strategy for key and emerging technologies, with blockchain being one of them. The national strategy suggests that distributed ledger technology (DLT) and digital infrastructure would increasingly impact and be widely used in the economic sector. Some key areas where these technologies will be actively tested include automated and connected infrastructure, such as smart communities and the Internet of Things. DLT can be especially useful in building cybersecurity and privacy-based features and services.

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North Carolina House passes bill banning CBDC payments to the state

The North Carolina House of Representatives has unanimously passed legislation prohibiting payments to the U.S. state using a central bank digital currency (CBDC). The latest version of the legislation aims to prohibit individuals from using CBDCs for any payments to the state. It also bars the Federal Reserve from using North Carolina as a potential testing ground for its own CBDC pilot. The bill will now move to the Senate, where it must pass before being signed into law or vetoed by Governor Roy Cooper. 

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Montana governor signs pro-cryptocurrency mining bill into law

Montana Governor Greg Gianforte has signed a bill into law essentially preventing local governments in the state from passing laws prohibiting cryptocurrency mining. The legislation effectively enshrines crypto miners’ rights in the state by revising existing laws, prohibiting discriminatory electrical rates for mining firms and not allowing taxation for crypto used as a payment method. It was introduced partly as a preventive measure in response to certain proposals in other states.

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White House to build international standards for DLT

The White House national strategy listed eight emerging technologies with a focus on building international standards and finding use cases in the economic sector.

The United States White House released the national standards strategy for key and emerging technologies on May 4. The national strategy identified eight technology sectors that will have a great economic impact in the near future.

Among the eight technologies that focus on artificial intelligence, communication and network technologies, biotechnology, semiconductors and more, the listing of distributed ledger technology (DLT) and digital identity infrastructure grabbed the crypto community’s attention the most.

DLT permits concurrent access, record validation, and record updating throughout a networked database. Blockchain technology is based on DLT, making it possible for users to see any changes and the people who made them, lowering the need for auditing data, ensuring data reliability, and restricting access to only those who actually need it.

The national strategy aims to increase U.S. leadership in the development of international standards for these emerging technologies. The American government is actively involved in building synergies with the private sector to promote and build international standards for such emerging technologies.

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The most prominent example of such collaboration and standard development includes the telecom and communications standard development. For example, the initial proposal for 3G was made in the 1990s by Qualcomm Technologies, and the subsequent proposal for LTE, the dominant standard for wireless broadband communication for mobile devices and data terminals, was made in the 2000s by NTT Docomo, a major Japanese mobile phone provider.

The national strategy suggests the likes of DLT and digital infrastructure would increasingly impact and be widely used in the economic sector. Some of the key areas where these technologies will be actively tested include automated and connected infrastructure, such as smart communities and the Internet of Things (IoT). DLT can especially find great use in building cybersecurity and privacy-based features and services.

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