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EU finalizes Data Act with a kill switch for smart contracts: Law Decoded, June 27–July 3

European Union lawmakers have agreed to move ahead with the controversial European Data Act, which has previously drawn criticism from the crypto community.

European Union (EU) lawmakers have agreed to move ahead with the controversial European Data Act, which has previously drawn criticism from the crypto community. The act, aimed at encouraging greater use of data resources to train algorithms, would update the EU’s rules on smart contracts to include a kill switch option that would allow them to be safely terminated. Obviously, this contradicts the fundamental idea of trust in smart contracts. 

Meanwhile, the European Commission proposed a legislative plan for a digital euro, aiming to make it a widely accepted and easily accessible form of payment. The announcement emphasized that allowing individuals to obtain digital euros through their banks upon request ensures easy accessibility and prevents citizens from being left behind. The proposal also includes provisions for free basic digital euro services, privacy protection and offline payments.

But it’s not all doom and gloom for crypto in the old continent, especially at local levels. For example, the National Council of Slovakia approved an amendment that will reduce personal income tax on profits gained from the sale of cryptocurrencies held by the user for at least one year. The taxes will be lowered to 7%, which is a significant decrease from the current taxation sliding scale of either 19% or 25%. Payments received in cryptocurrencies up to 2,400 euros ($2,600) will not be taxed.

Coinbase seeks dismissal of SEC suit, claims extraordinary abuse of process

In the ongoing legal battle between Coinbase and the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the American cryptocurrency exchange has filed a motion to dismiss the SEC’s complaint. In a legal document filed with the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, Coinbase raised concerns about the SEC’s interpretation of securities laws, suggesting the agency reached beyond its legal authority.

The motion to dismiss argues that even if all the allegations in the lawsuit are true, the plaintiff does not have a valid legal claim. Coinbase’s legal team stated in the filing: “Even if the SEC were correct that the assets and services it identifies are within the scope of its existing regulatory authority, this [legal] action must be dismissed on independent grounds that it violates Coinbase’s due process rights and constitutes an extraordinary abuse of process.”

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Kraken ordered by court to disclose user data to IRS

The U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California has ordered crypto exchange Kraken to turn over account and transaction information to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). The agency said it needed the information to determine if any of the exchange’s users had underreported their taxes. Kraken is required to provide details of users who engaged in transactions exceeding $20,000 within a calendar year, including names (real or pseudonyms), birthdates, taxpayer identification numbers, addresses, phone numbers, email addresses and various other documents.

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Crypto ‘regulatory approach isn’t needed now’ in New Zealand

Ian Woolford, the Reserve Bank of New Zealand’s (RBNZ) director of money and cash, stated that “a regulatory approach isn’t needed right now,” though increased vigilance is. Accompanying Woolford’s statement was a summary of 50 stakeholder submissions to an earlier RBNZ paper discussing crypto and decentralized finance. The RBNZ is seemingly waiting to see how other jurisdictions will regulate crypto before it makes its own moves. Meanwhile, the country holds 108th place out of 146 in the Chainalysis 2022 Global Crypto Adoption Index.

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Slovakian parliament votes to approve lower crypto taxes

A parliamentary vote held by lawmakers in Slovakia approved an amendment that will reduce the taxation of cryptocurrencies, which is currently on a sliding scale.

Members of Slovakia’s National Council of the Slovak Republic — the country’s parliament — have voted to approve lower crypto taxes, along with additional measures affecting cryptocurrency holders.

On June 28, the National Council voted to approve an amendment that will reduce personal income tax on profits gained from the sale of cryptocurrencies held by the user for at least one year.

The taxes will be lowered to 7%, which is a significant decrease from the current taxation sliding scale of either 19% or 25%. Payments received in cryptocurrencies up to 2,400 euros ($2,600) will not be taxed.

In addition, the bill excludes crypto income from a health insurance contribution of 14%.

According to a report from a local Slovakian media outlet, the Ministry of Finance anticipates a financial impact from the amendment to be around 30 million euros per year.

This amendment comes a few weeks after parliament passed another amendment to the constitution, which codified the citizen’s right to use cash as a payment method in light of talk around a digital euro. 

Related: Binance reverses decision to delist privacy coins in Europe

Slovakia is one of the 27 member states of the European Union, which has been proactively monitoring developments in the crypto industry throughout the region.

On May 31, the EU signed its landmark Markets in Crypto-Assets (MiCA) regulations into law. The set of regulations was created to make Europe a hub for digital asset activity.

MiCA first appeared in 2020 and has been praised by companies in the space for providing regulatory clarity.

This is in contrast to the situation in other major markets, such as the United States, which has yet to implement comprehensive guidelines for the industry. U.S. Republican lawmakers have proposed a Digital Asset Market Structure bill, which is currently under review for its potential impact on the industry.

On June 29, a commissioner at the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Hester Peirce, appeared remotely at Australian Blockchain Week and reminded regulators that crypto laws shouldn’t assume “everything is a financial asset.”

Magazine: Home loans using crypto as collateral: Do the risks outweigh the reward?

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Fear of a digital euro prompts Slovakia to add cash rule to constitution

Slovakia’s parliament passed a measure to amend its constitution to codify the right of its citizens to pay for goods and services with cash.

Slovakia will codify the right to use cash as a method of payment after a vote to amend the nation’s constitution passed in parliament on June 15. 

The new legislation was sponsored by the Sme Rodina party, also known as the “We Are Family” party, and was reportedly drafted as a precautionary measure against the proposed digital euro.

Per a report from European news agency Euractiv, legislator Miloš Svrček, one of the legislation’s co-authors, told members of parliament during a debate that the amendment was necessary to protect Slovakia’s financial sovereignty:

“It is very important that there is a provision in the Constitution based on which we can defend ourselves in the future against any orders from the outside, saying there can only be digital euro and no other payment options.”

In tandem with legislation codifying the right to use cash, Euractiv also reports Slovakia will amend its constitution to shore up shopkeepers’ rights to refuse cash for payments of goods and services. This, reportedly, is meant to protect shopkeepers from robberies and exposure to germs and to provide an exclusion to existing cash-acceptance laws for shops offering card-only vending machines.

The European Union has been exploring the advent of a central bank digital currency (CBDC) or digital euro for some time. Analysts conducting research on behalf of parliament recently described the issue as a “solution looking for a problem” yet advised the EU to be prepared to pursue the option further in the future.

Among the largest points of contention in the potential development and implementation of a digital euro is the idea that such a currency would be entirely centralized and, thus, allow a single government entity to control transactions conducted with it. Some experts believe this presents an intrinsic threat to personal privacy.

Related: CBDC will be used for ‘control,’ ECB president admits in vid chat with fake Zelensky

There’s also the issue of competition. Though CBDCs could empower citizens who may have limited or no access to traditional digital banking tools without charging account premiums or intrinsic transaction fees, they present a potential threat to companies and private sector banks that profit from offering credit solutions for the underbanked.

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The Bitcoin shitcoin machine: Mining BTC with biogas

A Bitcoin mining facility in Slovakia converts human and animal waste into Bitcoin hash rate, securing the network while mining Bitcoin.

Next time someone tries to poo-poo the renewable credentials of Bitcoin (BTC) mining, remember AmityAge Mining Farm. Founded by Gabriel Kozak and Dušan Matuska, the Bitcoin mining facility uses human and animal waste to generate electricity for mining.

Matuska, the man “who met Satoshi Nakomoto”, told Cointelegraph that “methane from biodegradation processes runs our machines.” As human and animal waste isn’t running out any time soon, their BTC mining process is both environmentally friendly and renewable.

Matuska and his colleague rigging up the Bitcoin miners in the plant. Source: Dušan Matuska

According to Matuska, using renewable energies such as biogas “shows that we can really accelerate the adoption of these renewables and make their return on investment higher in the end,” while also being a cheap source of energy.

An ecologically sound and low-cost way of generating electricity, biogas electricity plants convert waste into methane gas due to a fermentation process. The gas is then burned as fuel.

A steaming hot delivery of unmined Bitcoin, ready for energy transfer. Source: Matuska 

Matt Lohstroh, Co-founder of Giga Energy, a natural gas Bitcoin miner in Texas, told Cointelegraph that “finding cheap energy [for Bitcoin mining] quickly is the largest issue. All the low-hanging fruit is being plucked away.”

Matuska added that “the situation with energy in Europe changed dramatically in November with a huge price increasing together with a conflict around the corner.” As Lohstroh alludes, turning a profit with Bitcoin mining can be tricky, which keeps Matuska both “busy and worried.”

However, an eternal optimist, Matuska also told Cointelegraph:

“The most exciting part [about Bitcoin mining] is knowing that we are like ‘Bitcoin security guys,’ helping just a little with our hashrate. We are still helping to protect the network.”

Matuska adds that the overall environmental “footprint is pretty low” for their plant and that one of the excesses is “mostly excessive heat.”

Matuska a "Bitcoin Security Guy" in front of the biogas facility. Source: Matuska

If he is looking for ideas for the excessive heat, look no further than the creative Bitcoin mining community which uses Bitcoin mining heat to warm campervans, grow flowers in the Netherlands and dry out timber from logging in Norway.

Matuska “definitely” recommends that more and more curious Bitcoiners get into Bitcoin mining:

“You can gain a lot of useful knowledge while setting up your first miner. No need to earn a lot but the experience is worth a fortune.”

Related: ‘How I met Satoshi’: The mission to teach 100M people about Bitcoin by 2030

For those interested in getting into Bitcoin mining at home, while the process used to be complicated and costly, solo mining is making a come back. Compass Mining, the pioneers of Bitcoin mining at home, launched direct-to-consumer hardware sales in late 2021. 

The CEO of Compass, Whit Gibbs, told Cointelegraph that Bitcoin miners are some of the biggest Bitcoin bills. He illustrates the point, “you could buy $10,000 worth of bitcoin or you can buy an ASIC (Bitcoin mining machine),” knowing full well that it should return the initial investment over a “12 to 14-month” period. He concludes:

“You have to be bullish on Bitcoin to believe that you're going to see that return in a timely manner as opposed to just buying that amount of Bitcoin outright.”

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‘How I met Satoshi’: The mission to teach 100M people about Bitcoin by 2030

A Bitcoiner from Slovakia is on a quest to educate 100 million people by 2030. He shares the story of how he met Satoshi and other remarkable Bitcoin enthusiasts.

Dušan Matuska is, among many other things, a Bitcoin educator and consultant. The Slovak’s dream is to educate 100 million people about Bitcoin (BTC) by 2030 through talks, podcasts, webinars, workshops and even a Bitcoin education center in a far-flung destination (plans are currently under wraps). 

Alongside his Bitcoin teaching aspirations, he helps out at a small-scale Bitcoin mining facility in Slovakia, co-founded a crypto cafe known as Paralelni Polis in the capital city of Bratislava, and has translated well-known Bitcoin books into his native tongue, Slovak.

But, how did he get here? And, what does meeting Satoshi Nakamoto have to do with it?

It starts with Bitcoin, which he first heard about in 2015. But like many people, “I didn’t take a lot of notice. I thought it was a scam, it was a pyramid scheme and all these kinds of things,” he told Cointelegraph.

Nonetheless, equipped with a background in mathematics and buoyed by the enthusiasm of a tenacious friend fascinated by open-source technologies, Matuska didn’t so much fall but swan dive down the rabbit hole during the 2017 bull run.

He suddenly realized, “Oh my God, this Bitcoin thing is something really amazing.”

Matuska in his trademark Bitcoin sweater. Source: Dušan Matuska

He took time off his teaching and consulting jobs to study Bitcoin. Within months, he had deployed his public speaking skills to give the first free talks of many about Bitcoin. At his first “open workshop, where 40 or 50 people came” in early 2018, something began to click.

“Teaching something that I have a passion for feels natural to me. I gave webinars, consultations, free talks, all these kinds of things related to Bitcoin. Then, we founded Paralelna Polis in Bratislava.”

The crypto cafe, as it’s also known, is the baby brother to the Paralelni Polis cafe in Prague. It’s a cafe rooted in alternative learning, or “parallel education,” which harks back to when Czechoslovakia was a communist country.

The Paralena Polis, or “crypto cafe,” coffee shop and meeting space. Matuska is on the right, crouching with glasses. Source: Dušan Matuska

It is an apt epithet for a safe space to learn, tinker with and eventually use cryptocurrency. “No fiat is allowed,” Matuska added.

The parallels of teaching about restricted worlds during communist rule and learning about an alternative financial world where fiat currency is surplus to requirements are clear-cut at the cafe. Matuska explained:

“So, the idea was not to fight against the system but to build up a parallel system. The same as Bitcoin. Bitcoin is a peaceful protest against the system. It‘s not going to break things, but slowly it will make them obsolete.”

While helping out as a barista at the cafe, Matuska spoke to unassuming crypto enthusiasts, from 73-year-old former bankers to senior citizens curious about transacting with crypto.

Elderly women learning about Bitcoin at a bazaar run by the crypto cafe in Slovakia. Source: Dušan Matuska
“I often use the example of the 73-year-old man when educating people about Bitcoin. If he can learn how to use a Bitcoin wallet and how to pay with Bitcoin, anyone can.”

Better yet, the reason why the septuagenarian transacted via Bitcoin is that it was “easier for him than it was to use online banking.” Matuska confirmed to Cointelegraph that the elderly man was not, in fact, Satoshi Nakamoto.

While, sadly, the Bratislava crypto cafe closed last year due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Prague cafe lives on. Plus, the foundations were laid, and Matuska had two epiphanies: Bitcoin is for everyone, and Bitcoin solves problems.

For Matuska, whether it’s sending money to a cousin in the United States, bequeathing money to grandchildren or simply “helping people save money to fight inflation,” it’s not just some cool tech or  “number-go-up technology.”

One day, his girlfriend asked, “My teaching colleagues are asking about how to educate kids about Bitcoin. Is there a book for them?” After that, Matuska shifted his focus from teaching adults to teaching children as well.

Thanks to the help of other Bitcoin educators in the space, as well as a successful crowdfunding campaign, Matuska has sent over 2,000 Bitcoin-related books to schools across Slovakia, translated into Slovak by himself and his team.

Slovakian schoolchildren reading “Bitcoin Money.” Source: Dušan Matuska 

Expanding his Bitcoin education aspirations into schools was a deft move. He‘ll need all the help he can get to reach his goal of educating 100 million people about Bitcoin by 2030. To keep track of the numbers, Matuska used to maintain “an excel spreadsheet. Then I used to count YouTube video views. but there was too much overlap.”

He’s now working on a series of metrics to reach his goal, undoubtedly tracking the number of downloads on the Bitcoin-focused podcasts he records.

In the podcast series, Matuska answers common questions and explores thought experiments he was exposed to during his Bitcoin teaching. One of the most popular thought experiments is a riff on Satoshi Nakamoto’s anonymity and is actually from the first podcast he recorded.

It’s called “How I met Satoshi,” and it refers to a theoretical meeting with the creator of Bitcoin. Matuska explained:

“Just like Pythagoras and his theorem, we don’t actually need to know if he was a good guy or a bad guy, or if he was orange, blue, yellow or black, whatever. The key thing is that the Pythagorean theorem works again and again.”

Related: One man’s plan to orange-pill a nation: Bitcoin Senegal

It is possible to mathematically prove that the Pythagorean theorem works thousands of years after his death. “It will be the same for Satoshi‘s calculations.”

While Matuska “meets” with Satoshi, it‘s more about the real “meeting” that occurs when you begin to engage with the works of a genius, whether it‘s Albert Einstein, Michelangelo or Aristotle.

Ultimately, for the founder of Bitcoin, Matuska shared that we “should be happy that we don‘t know who this person is.”

“The best thing that Satoshi did was to create Bitcoin. The second best thing Satoshi did was to evaporate.”

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