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Privacy-focused blockchain network closes Aztec Connect tool

The research made with Aztec Connect will be usable and critical to the development of a next-generation blockchain, Aztec Network said.

Privacy-oriented blockchain platform Aztec is preparing to shut down Aztec Connect, the network’s privacy infrastructure serving as the encryption layer for Ethereum.

Aztec Network officially announced the upcoming closure of Aztec Connect, planning to disable Aztec Connect deposits from front-ends like zk.money and zkpay.finance on March 17.

According to a blog post by Aztec, users will be able to withdraw their funds from Aztec Connect with no fees for one year. “While withdrawals will always be possible, they will become significantly more burdensome after March 21, 2024,” Aztec said, recommending users to withdraw funds as soon as possible. Since launched in July 2022, Aztec Connect has amassed more than 100,000 users, the announcement notes.

Starting from March 2024, Aztec will no longer run a sequencer, meaning that the current system will no longer publish rollup blocks processing Aztec Connect transactions. “Contract permissions will be renounced, and all rollup functionality will be ceased,” the announcement reads.

As Aztec has fully open sourced the entire Aztec Connect protocol, the firm encourages the Aztec community to fork, deploy, and operate a new version of the system. “We’d love to see an independently-operated Aztec Connect and are ready to fund it,” Aztec said.

According to the announcement, the shutdown of Aztec Connect marks a milestone in the development of a decentralized general-use encrypted blockchain. Before launching Aztec Connect in July 2022, Aztec first experimented with using a zkRollup with Aztec 1, which was “slow, inefficient, costly” and limited in functionality to “basic private transfers.”

Source: Aztec

Aztec emphasized that the research made with Aztec Connect will be usable and critical to the development of a next-generation blockchain, providing a basis for a fully programmable version of encrypted rollups, adding:

“It’s undeniable that Aztec Connect was an important stepping stone towards realizing our ultimate goal. It’s now time for us to focus fully on that goal: a decentralized general-use encrypted blockchain.”

After closing Aztec Connect, Aztec plans to focus on the development of the universal zero-knowledge language known as Noir and the next-generation encrypted blockchain.

Related: Crypto projects respond to privacy coin ban in Dubai

The news comes amid ConsenSys preparing to release its zero-knowledge Ethereum Virtual Machine (zkEVM) rollup on a public testnet on March 28. The launch will follow more than four years of research, potentially enabling faster transactions, higher throughput and better security of settlements on the Ethereum blockchain.

Bitcoin Eyes a Positive Finish to September, Setting the Stage for ‘Uptober’

Polygon ecosystem development and upcoming zkEVM launch add to MATIC’s bullish momentum

Polygon’s steady ecosystem development and first mover status in launching a zkEVM has traders feeling bullish about MATIC price.

Matter Labs, the firm managing Polygon (MATIC), announced that the beta version of its zero-knowledge Ethereum Virtual Machine (zkEVM) would launch on March 27, 2023. It’s possible that Polygon will enjoy a first-mover advantage in this space by launching a public mainnet before zkSync and Scroll.

Zk-based roll-up technology is accepted as the gold standard for scaling. The existing optimistic-based roll-ups like Arbitrum and Optimism have EVM capability but are less secure because they are “fraud-proof.” Malicious transactions on an optimistic roll-up can stay valid for up to seven days or more before being reversed. Thus, giving an advantage to zk-technology.

Moreover, the Ethereum (ETH) community’s focus on Liquid Staking Derivatives may shift toward L2 networks after the anticipated Shanghai upgrade in March. This is because the update following Shanghai, EIP-4844, will reduce the cost of L2 roll-ups by 10 to100 fold. A working zk-based roll-up solution will likely attract new projects to its ecosystem.

Polygon has built a strong bullish narrative in the market with the upcoming zkEVM launch. The team’s efforts in the Web3 space are promising and show signs of increasing activity. The growth in its DeFi ecosystem has stalled, which could likely stay this way for more extended periods.

Technically, the market structure for Polygon looks bullish. However, the recent 78% increase in MATIC’s price since the start of 2023 could see a correction as speculative buying cools down. Such a situation could possibly provide an ideal entry in MATIC for a swing trade.

Polygon’s DeFi sector has stalled but Web3 activity is on the rise

Since the start of 2023, Polygon has witnessed a spike in its NFT activity, especially for low-cost gaming assets. According to data from Dune Analytics, the number of NFT sales on Polygon surpassed Ethereum for two consecutive months in December 2022 and January 2023. While Ethereum still leads in total volumes, Nansen’s NFT activity data shows that the minting and sale volume on Polygon has been picking up since the start of 2023.

The volume of NFT sales and mints on Polygon. Source: Nansen

Meta also chose Polygon as the base layer for minting digital collectibles on its social media app, Instagram. This feature is currently in the limited testing phase but should see traction soon among the 1.28 billion Instagram users.

In November 2022, Matter Labs appointed the former gaming head of YouTube, Ryan Watt, to lead its gaming venture, Polygon Studios. Watt told Cointelegraph that Polygon’s Web3 strategy takes a holistic approach by incorporating “Web2 companies, including Starbucks, Adobe, Clinique and Stripe, to integrate Web3 functionality.”

Additionally, the blockchain houses the development of over 60 metaverse projects, including the leaders in Sandbox, Decentraland and Somnium Space. Lastly, Polygon’s $450 million raise in February 2022 will likely provide the necessary tailwinds to continue development on the Web3 front.

On the other hand, the Ethereum sidechain’s growth in its DeFi sector stalled. It could remain stressed due to the ongoing macroeconomic stress and a regulatory crackdown on stablecoins.

The total liquidity across DeFi applications on Polygon has stayed below November 2022 levels, suggesting that users are still reluctant to interact with these protocols. Besides security risks, the decreasing yield across the DeFi space is also a prominent reason for the decline in activity.

Total liquidity across DeFi applications on Polygon. Source: DefiLlama

In comparison, Arbitrum’s DeFi ecosystem has fared relatively better than most thanks to the anticipation around its token airdrop and active development.

Still, Polygon ranks fifth in total liquidity across DeFi platforms above Avalanche, Solana, Optimism and Fantom, which is encouraging. Favorable liquidity conditions are a crucial necessity for a prospering DeFi ecosystem, and Polygon can benefit from it when focus toward DeFi picks up. Moreover, the launch of zkEVM may also attract DeFi development.

Investors are bullish on MATIC

Futures market data shows traders are bullish MATIC with an increase in open interest volume toward 2022 highs and a long-to-short ratio of 1.58. While a bullish outlook is encouraging, the prices may pull back to wipe out overleveraged positions.

Open interest volume for MATIC futures contracts. Source: CoinGlass

The on-chain balance on exchanges suggests that not many investors moved their coins exchanges as the price surged from $0.75 to $1.25. It suggests confidence among buyers, who are unlikely to sell unless the price falls below $0.75 support.

Polygon balance on exchanges. Source: glassnode 

Related: Solana (SOL) price rally could fizzle out due to weak fundamentals

However, the price could pull back toward the $1 support level as the Relative Strength Index (RSI) metric begins to tap resistance around the 65 level. The bullish momentum likely requires consolidation around the 50 RSI level before more upside.

MATIC/USD daily price chart. Source: TradingView

The organic development of Polgyon’s NFT trading activity and bullish narrative building around zkEVM will likely continue to push MATIC’s price higher in 2023. Needless to say, that a lot will depend on the price action of market leaders in BTC and whether Ether maintains its uptrend.

The views, thoughts and opinions expressed here are the authors’ alone and do not necessarily reflect or represent the views and opinions of Cointelegraph.

This article does not contain investment advice or recommendations. Every investment and trading move involves risk, and readers should conduct their own research when making a decision.

Bitcoin Eyes a Positive Finish to September, Setting the Stage for ‘Uptober’

Polygon sets late March launch date for its zkEVM mainnet beta

The Ethereum scaling solutions provider is preparing to launch its long-awaited Ethereum Virtual Machine roll-up technology.

The long-awaited scaling upgrade from Ethereum layer-2 solution provider Polygon (MATIC) has been announced, with the beta launch of its zero-knowledge Ethereum Virtual Machine (zkEVM) mainnet slated for March 27.

In a Feb. 14 blog post, Polygon said that after three and a half months of “battle testing,” the system will be ready for the mainnet launch next month.

It's been touted as “seamless scaling for Ethereum,” and was launched as a testnet in December last year.

The development of the zk-rollup scaling technology has been ongoing for the past three years. During that time, the Polygon zkEVM system has hit several milestones noted by the team.

These include the deployment of more than 5,000 smart contracts, the generation of over 75,000 zk-proofs, more than 84,000 wallets and two public third-party audits.

A graphic detailing the development so far leading up to the launch. Source: Polygon

The team noted that security is the highest priority and that’s the reason “why Polygon zkEVM has been run through a gauntlet of tests and audits.”

The technology uses zero-knowledge proofs — cryptographic confirmations that, in the context of scaling, enable platforms to validate mass amounts of transaction data before bundling and confirming them on Ethereum.

Polygon is not the only team working on a zkEVM solution. Scaling provider zkSync is developing similar EVM technology with its zkPorter — which puts essential transaction data off-chain.

Scroll, another scaling solutions provider, is also building a zkEVM solution in collaboration with the Privacy and Scaling Explorations group, part of the Ethereum Foundation.

The Ethereum Foundation is also funding a project called Applied ZKP, which aims to develop an EVM-compatible zk-rollup.

Related: Polygon tests zero-knowledge rollups, mainnet integration inbound

The team explained the significance of the technology, stating that true EVM-equivalence means Ethereum can be scaled “without resorting to half-measures.”

“The best way to scale Ethereum is to preserve the existing Ethereum ecosystem: code, tooling, and infrastructure needs to just work. And that’s what Polygon zkEVM is aiming to achieve.”

The scaling tech also enables significant transaction cost savings. Proof costs for a large batch of hundreds of transactions are down to about $0.06 and less than $0.001 for a simple transfer, the team added.

Matter Labs, the firm behind Polygon, raised $50 million in a Series B round led by Andreessen Horowitz to build EVM-compatible zk-Rollups in November 2021.

Polygon’s native token, MATIC, has reacted positively to the announcement with a 5.3% gain over the past 12 hours or so. As a result, the token was trading for $1.24 at the time of writing, according to Cointelegraph data.

Bitcoin Eyes a Positive Finish to September, Setting the Stage for ‘Uptober’

Starkware commits to open source its ‘magic wand’ Starknet Prover

The prover is the crucial engine Starkware uses to roll up hundreds of thousands of transactions and compress them into a tiny cryptographic proof written on the Ethereum blockchain.

Ethereum layer 2 scaling solution StarkWare announced plans to open source its proprietary Starknet Prover under the Apache 2.0 license, which has processed 327 million transactions and minted 95 million nonfungible tokens (NFTs) to date. 

The prover is the crucial engine Starkware uses to roll up hundreds of thousands of transactions and compress them into a tiny cryptographic proof written on the Ethereum blockchain.

“We think of the Prover as the magic wand of Stark technology. It wondrously generates the proofs that allow unimaginable scaling,” said Eli Ben-Sasson, president and co-founder of Starkware.

Eli Ben-Sasson presenting at the Starkware sessions 2023. Source: Cointelegraph

Starkware has faced criticism from the crypto community and competing solutions such as ZK Sync and Polygon for holding onto the IP behind its tech, which contradicts blockchain’s open source and interoperable ethics.

Making the prover open source under the Apache 2.0 license will enable any other project or network — or even games or database developers — to make use of the technology, edit the code and customize it. The tech was released in 2020 and is already being used by ImmutableX, Sorare and dYdX.

A sneak peek of the Starkware sessions 2023. Source: Cointelegraph

Avihu Levy, Starkware’s head of product, was reluctant to commit to a time frame for open-sourcing the prover but said it would occur after the token launch and decentralization of Starknet itself. He agreed, however, that it would be possible this year.

“We want to move forward with a decentralized, permissionless network and that means that you need to have this critical component out there,” he revealed speaking to Cointelegraph.

Levy said the decision to open source the prover showed Starkware was increasingly confident about its technology and said it would also enable projects to be more confident about using it as a crucial part of their protocols.

“In StarkEx, it’s sometimes considered vendor lock-up or lock-in. So the commitment wasn’t just a business commitment it was a technology commitment to StarkEx,” he explained.

“This is a strong signal that you will have everything you need to run it yourself independent of Starkware.”

Starkware has already open-sourced its programming language and EVM competitor Cairo 1.0, Papyrus Full node and is in the process of open-sourcing its new sequencer.

Related: StarkNet overhauls Cairo programming language to drive developer adoption

Ben-Sasson launched the Starkware Sessions conference in Tel Aviv on Sunday, which organizers said was the largest layer 2 conference held so far.

“This is a landmark moment for scaling Ethereum,” he told about 500 developers and guests. “It will put Stark technology in its rightful place, as a public good which will be used to benefit everyone."

Bitcoin Eyes a Positive Finish to September, Setting the Stage for ‘Uptober’

Former Polygon VP of growth shares the secrets behind major partnerships

Former Polygon VP of growth Arjun Kalsy believes that Polygon's integration of zero-knowledge roll-up technology would boost the network's adoption.

Ethereum scaling solution, Polygon, has witnessed a lot of adoption through partnerships with major brands like Starbucks and Addidas, which has increased the network's popularity among cryptocurrency users. The former vice president of growth, Arjun Kalsy, breaks down how Polygon has attracted partnerships with major brands and how the project is driving mass crypto adoption. 

Arjun Kalsy, before leaving Polygon late last year, led a team tasked with onboarding companies to promote the adoption of the Polygon network. According to Kalsy, talking to brands looking to pivot from Web2 to Web3 or adding elements of the decentralized world to their platforms was always enjoyable. The onboarding process involved several technical meetings where the Polygon network and its capabilities were scrutinized by these major brands, who consider integrating other technologies "a big deal."

Kalsy explained that after the first set of big brands announced partnerships with Polygon, it opened more doors for the network. In addition, passing the evaluation of the network by major brands gave other teams the confidence to work with Polygon.

Despite the impressive growth of Polygon, Arjun Kalsy believes that there is so much more that could come out of the network's integration of zero-knowledge rollups. Zk-Rollups technology is expected to increase the speed at which the layer-2 platform can achieve finality while ensuring high-level security.

Polygon, zk-Rollup
Tune in for more podcast series from Cointelegraph

After Polygon, Arjun Kalsy moved to BitDAO, where he is Head of Ecosystem at Mantle, an Ethereum layer-2 network with a modular design. At BitDAO, Kalsy is looking to onboard companies looking to evolve from centralized structures to decentralized leadership. He argues that we will see several companies make the switch to decentralized governance in the coming years.

Kalsy explained that all new companies have a predictable trajectory that involves raising money at the early stage and going public as the company grows, which is a long winding journey that can be cut short with decentralized governance. He argues that with decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs), new companies go public immediately, allowing them to benefit from the transparency and global coverage that comes with opening up the governance of your company to everyone.

Related: NFT Steez and Cryptoys CEO discuss the future of toys and entertainment within Web3

On the future of the cryptocurrency industry, Kalsy believes that the latest market downtrend is part of the regular ups and downs of all asset classes. He believes the market recovery will be swift and could propel the industry to new highs.

In this Episode, Elisha and Arjun Kalsy also discuss:

  • Growth management at a major Web3 firm
  • Evolution of companies into DAOs
  • Polygon's future technical upgrades - zero-knowledge rollups
  • The growth of Ethereum scaling solutions
  • BitDAO and the Mantle network

For more on Polygon's growth and the pivot of companies from centralized entities to decentralized autonomous organizations, listen to episode six of Hashing It Out on the new Cointelegraph Podcasts page or Spotify, Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, or TuneIn.

Bitcoin Eyes a Positive Finish to September, Setting the Stage for ‘Uptober’

Tether launches on Hermez rollup as Ethereum starts falling behind

Ethereum is starting to lose ground to its competitors for USDT usage, and Hermez may help to fix that.

Tether (USDT) has now launched on Hermez Network, an Ethereum scalability solution based on the zk-rollup concept. Rollups provide a way of batching or “rolling up” transactions to lighten the load on the Ethereum network.

The key to rollups is the concept of data availability, which means that the state data of the rollup is always fully available on-chain. In practice, this means that the Ethereum network knows the token balances of all user accounts on the Hermez rollup after every transaction, and this knowledge can be used to rapidly withdraw funds and distribute them to their new owners in the event of malfunctions.

Zk-rollups can be considered as separate “blockchains” that are entirely reliant on the layer-one network for security. Through the use of zk-SNARKs, the Hermez rollup publishes regular proofs to the Ethereum network that verify its correctness. Due to the succinct property of SNARKs, the underlying data can be almost arbitrarily large, while the proof will remain constant in size. This makes it perfect for scalability applications, as the Ethereum network is able to conclusively prove that the network is working as intended with just a fraction of the data that the rollup itself processed.

By launching USDT on Hermez, Tether hopes to alleviate the pressure on Ethereum gas fees, where the Tether contract is consistently among the highest gas users. As fees for token transfers consistently stay above $10 on Ethereum — with exchanges upping their withdrawal charges in response — the market has significantly diversified on its Tether usage.

Transferred value in USDT on Ethereum, Tron and Omni (Bitcoin). Source: Coinmetrics.

Tether on Tron’s network has reached parity with Ethereum in terms of value transferred — a significant achievement for Tron and a source of concern for Ethereum supporters. Arguably, the most significant contributing factor to Tron’s rise is the support from a number of exchanges such as Binance, Huobi, OKEx and many others that are traditionally associated with Asia and Asian traders. Whatever users may think of Tron, few can argue with its low fees and significant acceptance.

Hermez provides an Ethereum-native alternative to Tron, though it adds to OMG Network’s Plasma, which, so far, seems to have failed to gain significant traction. Hermez can currently be accessed by using MetaMask, binding to the user’s Ethereum wallet. Transacting on the network requires performing a deposit transaction from the Ethereum main chain, after which the funds become available on the rollup. However, without a meaningful number of possible destinations for the funds, Hermez risks getting stifled by competition from other sidechains and layer-one networks.

The Hermez team is fully aware of this predicament and is working to integrate with as many exchanges as possible, but it remains to be seen whether its efforts will be successful. 

Bitcoin Eyes a Positive Finish to September, Setting the Stage for ‘Uptober’

Ethereum Layer 2 Solution Hermez Network Launches on Mainnet

Ethereum’s Layer 2 welcomes a new arrival: Hermez Network. 

Hermez Network Launches 

Hermez Network has gone live on Ethereum mainnet. 

The Layer 2 project shared news of the update in a blog post earlier today. In it, they wrote: 

“We aim to help with Ethereum’s congestion peaks, and lower the entry barrier to decentralized finance. This is just the beginning, but the network will be able to process vast amounts of transactions, moving billions of dollars worth of digital assets.”

Hermez Network is a form of rollup that works by grouping transactions together to create SNARKs—succinct non-interactive arguments of knowledge. These SNARKs then get settled on the Ethereum base layer as one transaction. Rollups are useful for processing transactions at a higher speed and lower cost than on the base chain, and they take two forms: ZK-Rollups and Optimistic Rollups.

Hermez Network is an example of a ZK-Rollup, though Optimistic Rollups such as Optimism have also recently turned heads as the costs of using Ethereum hits record highs. Yesterday, Uniswap detailed its plans to go live on Optimism “shortly after” its V3 update goes live on May 5. 

Hermez Network warned that there’s a risk of “possible bugs” in the code in the announcement post. The solution was tested and audited on Ethereum’s Rinkeby testnet before launching on mainnet. They wrote that users “should treat it as an early version and should expect that there can be bugs.” 

Hermez Network has launched a bug bounty program to foolproof the code, paying up to 100 ETH for critical issues. There’s also a wallet interface for interacting with the solution. It’s accessible through the widely used Web3 wallet MetaMask. 

The blog post notes that users can now create accounts, deposit funds, send transactions and withdraw funds through the network. It will initially support ETH, USDT, DAI, wBTC, and HEZ. 

Disclosure: At the time of writing, the author of this feature owned ETH and several other cryptocurrencies. 

Bitcoin Eyes a Positive Finish to September, Setting the Stage for ‘Uptober’